







                   EExx//VVii RReeffeerreennccee MMaannuuaall

                        _K_e_i_t_h _B_o_s_t_i_c

                 Computer Science Division
 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
             University of California, Berkeley
                Berkeley, California  94720

                     September 15, 1996





                          _A_b_s_t_r_a_c_t



     This document is the reference guide for the 4.4BSD
implementations of nneexx/nnvvii, which are implementations of
the historic Berkeley eexx/vvii editors.





                         _L_i_c_e_n_s_i_n_g



Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
     The  Regents  of  the  University  of  California.  All
Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996
     Keith Bostic.  All Rights Reserved.


     The vi program is freely redistributable.  You are wel-
come to copy, modify and share it with others under the con-
ditions listed in the LICENSE file.   If  any  company  (not
individual!)  finds  vi  sufficiently  useful that you would
have purchased it, or if any company wishes to  redistribute
it, contributions to the authors would be appreciated.




















                      _A_c_k_n_o_w_l_e_d_g_e_m_e_n_t_s




     Bruce  Englar  encouraged  the early development of
the historic eexx/vvii editor.  Peter Kessler  helped  bring
sanity  to  version  2's command layout.  Bill Joy wrote
versions 1 and 2.0 through 2.7, and created  the  frame-
work  that users see in the present editor.  Mark Horton
added macros and other features and made eexx/vvii work on a
large number of terminals and Unix systems.

     NNvvii is originally derived from software contributed
to the University of California, Berkeley by Steve Kirk-
endall, the author of the vvii clone eellvviiss.

     IEEE  Standard  Portable Operating System Interface
for Computer Environments (POSIX) 1003.2  style  Regular
Expression support was done by Henry Spencer.

     The  curses  library  was  originally  done  by Ken
Arnold.  Scrolling and reworking for  nnvvii  was  done  by
Elan Amir.

     George  Neville-Neil added the Tcl interpreter, and
Sven Verdoolaege added the Perl5 interpreter.

     Rob Mayoff added Cscope support.

     The Institute of Electrical and  Electronics  Engi-
neers  has  given  us  permission to reprint portions of
their documentation.   Portions  of  this  document  are
reprinted and reproduced from IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, IEEE
Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Comput-
er Environments (POSIX), copyright 1992 by the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

     The financial support of UUNET Communications  Ser-
vices is gratefully acknowledged.























UUSSDD::1133--44                                   NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


11..  DDeessccrriippttiioonn

     VVii is a screen oriented text editor.  EExx is a line-ori-
ented text editor.  EExx and vvii are  different  interfaces  to
the  same  program,  and  it  is possible to switch back and
forth during an edit session.  VViieeww  is  the  equivalent  of
using the --RR (read-only) option of vvii.

     This  reference  manual  is  the  one provided with the
nneexx/nnvvii versions of the eexx/vvii  text  editors.   NNeexx/nnvvii  are
intended  as  bug-for-bug  compatible  replacements  for the
original Fourth Berkeley Software Distribution (4BSD)  eexx/vvii
programs.   This reference manual is accompanied by a tradi-
tional-style manual page.  That manual  page  describes  the
functionality  found  in  eexx/vvii  in far less detail than the
description here.  In  addition,  it  describes  the  system
interface  to  eexx/vvii,  e.g.  command  line  options, session
recovery,  signals,  environmental  variables,  and  similar
things.

     This  reference  is intended for users already familiar
with eexx/vvii.  Anyone else should almost certainly read a good
tutorial  on  the editor first.  If you are in an unfamiliar
environment, and you absolutely have to get work done  imme-
diately, see the section entitled "FFaasstt SSttaarrttuupp" in the man-
ual page.  It is probably enough to get you started.

     There are a few features in nneexx/nnvvii that are not  found
in historic versions of eexx/vvii.  Some of the more interesting
of those features are briefly described in the next section,
entitled  "AAddddiittiioonnaall FFeeaattuurreess".  For the rest of this docu-
ment, nneexx/nnvvii is used only when it is necessary  to  distin-
guish it from the historic implementations of eexx/vvii.

     Future  versions  of this software will be periodically
made available by anonymous ftp, and can be  retrieved  from
ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the directory ucb/4bsd.

22..  AAddddiittiioonnaall FFeeaattuurreess iinn NNeexx//NNvvii

     There  are a few features in nneexx/nnvvii that are not found
in historic versions of eexx/vvii.  Some of the more interesting
of these are as follows:

88--bbiitt cclleeaann ddaattaa,, llaarrggee lliinneess,, ffiilleess
     NNeexx/nnvvii  will  edit  any format file.  Line lengths are
     limited by available memory, and file sizes are limited
     by  available  disk space.  The vvii text input mode com-
     mand <<ccoonnttrrooll--XX>>  can  insert  any  possible  character
     value into the text.

BBaacckkggrroouunndd aanndd ffoorreeggrroouunndd ssccrreeeennss
     The  bbgg command backgrounds the current screen, and the










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--55


     ffgg command foregrounds backgrounded screens.  The  ddiiss--
     ppllaayy  command  can  be  used  to  list  the  background
     screens.

CCoommmmaanndd EEddiittiinngg
     You can enter a normal editing window on the  collected
     commands  that  you've entered on the vvii colon command-
     line, and then modify and/or execute the commands.  See
     the cceeddiitt edit option for more information.

DDiissppllaayyss
     The  ddiissppllaayy command can be used to display the current
     buffers, the backgrounded screens, and the tags  stack.

EExxtteennddeedd RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss
     The  eexxtteennddeedd  option  causes Regular Expressions to be
     interpreted as as Extended Regular  Expressions,  (i.e.
     _e_g_r_e_p(1) style Regular Expressions).

FFiillee NNaammee CCoommpplleettiioonn
     It is possible to do file name completion and file name
     displays when entering commands on the  vvii  colon  com-
     mand-line.   See the ffiilleecc option for more information.

IInnffiinniittee uunnddoo
     Changes made during an edit session may be rolled back-
     ward  and  forward.  A ..  command immediately after a uu
     command continues either forward or backward  depending
     on whether the uu command was an undo or a redo.

LLeefftt--rriigghhtt ssccrroolllliinngg
     The lleeffttrriigghhtt option causes nnvvii to do left-right screen
     scrolling, instead of the traditional vvii line wrapping.

MMeessssaaggee CCaattaallooggss
     It  is possible to display informational and error mes-
     sages in different languages by providing a catalog  of
     messages.   See  the  mmssggccaatt  option and the file cata-
     log/README ffoorr mmoorree iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn..

IInnccrreemmeennttiinngg nnuummbbeerrss
     The ## command increments or decrements the number  ref-
     erenced by the cursor.

PPrreevviioouuss ffiillee
     The  pprreevviioouuss  command edits the previous file from the
     argument list.

SSccrriippttiinngg llaanngguuaaggeess
     The ::ppee[[rrll]] ccmmdd, ::ppeerrlldd[[oo]] ccmmdd and ::ttcc[[ll]] ccmmdd  commands
     execute  Perl5  and  Tcl/Tk  commands, respectively, on
     lines from the edit buffer.  See  the  "SSccrriippttiinngg  LLaann--
     gguuaaggeess"  section  and  the  specific  commands for more










UUSSDD::1133--66                                   NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     information.

SSpplliitt ssccrreeeennss
     The EEddiitt, EExx, NNeexxtt, PPrreevviioouuss, TTaagg  and  VViissuuaall  (in  vvii
     mode)  commands divide the screen into multiple editing
     regions and then perform their normal function in a new
     screen  area.   The <<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>> command rotates between
     the foreground screens.  The rreessiizzee command can be used
     to grow or shrink a particular screen.

TTaagg ssttaacckkss
     Tags  are  now  maintained in a stack.  The <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
     command returns to the previous tag location.  The ttaagg--
     ppoopp  command returns to the most recent tag location by
     default, or, optionally to a specific tag number in the
     tag  stack,  or  the  most  recent tag from a specified
     file.  The ddiissppllaayy command can be used to list the tags
     stack.   The  ttaaggttoopp  command returns to the top of the
     tag stack.

UUssaaggee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn
     The eexxuussaaggee and vviiuussaaggee commands provide usage informa-
     tion  for all of the eexx and vvii commands by default, or,
     optionally, for a specific command or key.

WWoorrdd sseeaarrcchh
     The <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>> command searches for  the  word  refer-
     enced by the cursor.

33..  SSttaarrttuupp IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn

     EExx/vvii  interprets  one  of  two  possible environmental
variables and reads up to three of five possible files  dur-
ing  startup.   The variables and files are expected to con-
tain eexx commands, not vvii commands.  In  addition,  they  are
interpreted _b_e_f_o_r_e the file to be edited is read, and there-
fore many eexx commands may not be used.  Generally, any  com-
mand that requires output to the screen or that needs a file
upon which to operate, will cause an error if included in  a
startup file or environmental variable.

     Because  the  eexx  command set supported by nneexx/nnvvii is a
superset of the command set supported by  historical  imple-
mentations  of eexx, nneexx/nnvvii can use the startup files created
for the historical implementations, but the converse may not
be true.

     If  the  --ss (the historic - option) is specified, or if
standard input is redirected from a file, all  environmental
variables and startup files are ignored.

     Otherwise,  startup  files  and environmental variables
are handled in the following order:










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--77


 (1)   The file /etc/vi.exrc is read, as long as it is owned
       by root or the effective user ID of the user.

 (2)   The  environmental  variable NEXINIT (or the variable
       EXINIT, if NEXINIT is not set) is interpreted.

 (3)   If neither NEXINIT or EXINIT was set,  and  the  HOME
       environmental  variable is set, the file $HOME/.nexrc
       (or the file $HOME/.exrc, if  $HOME/.nexrc  does  not
       exist)  is  read, as long as the effective user ID of
       the user is root or is the same as the owner  of  the
       file.

       When  the  $HOME  directory  is  being  used for both
       nneexx/nnvvii and an historic implementation  of  eexx/vvii,  a
       possible solution is to put nneexx/nnvvii specific commands
       in the .nexrc ffiillee,, aalloonngg wwiitthh aa ::ssoouurrccee  $$HHOOMMEE//..eexxrrcc
       ccoommmmaanndd ttoo rreeaadd iinn tthhee ccoommmmaannddss ccoommmmoonn ttoo bbootthh iimmppllee--
       mmeennttaattiioonnss..

 (4)   If the eexxrrcc option was turned on by one of the previ-
       ous  startup information sources, the file .nexrc ((oorr
       tthhee ffiillee ..eexxrrcc, if .nexrc ddooeess nnoott eexxiisstt)) iiss rreeaadd,, aass
       lloonngg aass tthhee eeffffeeccttiivvee uusseerr IIDD ooff tthhee uusseerr iiss tthhee ssaammee
       aass tthhee oowwnneerr ooff tthhee ffiillee..

     No startup file is read if it  is  writable  by  anyone
other than its owner.

     It is not an error for any of the startup environmental
variables or files not to exist.

     Once all environmental variables are  interpreted,  and
all  startup  files are read, the first file to be edited is
read in (or a temporary file is created).   Then,  any  com-
mands  specified  using  the  --cc option are executed, in the
context of that file.

44..  RReeccoovveerryy

     There is no recovery  program  for  nneexx/nnvvii,  nor  does
nneexx/nnvvii run setuid.  Recovery files are created readable and
writable by the owner only.   Users  may  recover  any  file
which  they can read, and the superuser may recover any edit
session.

     Edit sessions are backed  by  files  in  the  directory
named     by    the    rreeccddiirr    option    (the    directory
/var/tmp/vi.recover bbyy ddeeffaauulltt)),, aanndd aarree nnaammeedd  ""vvii..XXXXXXXXXXXX"",,
wwhheerree  ""XXXXXXXXXXXX"" iiss aa nnuummbbeerr rreellaatteedd ttoo tthhee pprroocceessss IIDD..  WWhheenn
aa ffiillee iiss ffiirrsstt mmooddiiffiieedd,, aa sseeccoonndd rreeccoovveerryy ffiillee  ccoonnttaaiinniinngg
aann  eemmaaiill  mmeessssaaggee  ffoorr  tthhee  uusseerr  iiss ccrreeaatteedd,, aanndd iiss nnaammeedd
""rreeccoovveerr..XXXXXXXXXXXX"",, wwhheerree,, aaggaaiinn,, ""XXXXXXXXXXXX"" iiss aassssoocciiaatteedd  wwiitthh










UUSSDD::1133--88                                   NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


tthhee pprroocceessss IIDD..  BBootthh ffiilleess aarree rreemmoovveedd aatt tthhee eenndd ooff aa nnoorr--
mmaall eeddiitt sseessssiioonn,, bbuutt wwiillll rreemmaaiinn iiff  tthhee  eeddiitt  sseessssiioonn  iiss
aabbnnoorrmmaallllyy  tteerrmmiinnaatteedd oorr tthhee uusseerr rruunnss tthhee eexx pprreesseerrvvee ccoomm--
mmaanndd..

     The rreeccddiirr option may be set in either  the  user's  or
system's  startup  information, changing the recovery direc-
tory.  (Note, however, that if a memory based file system is
used as the backup directory, each system reboot will delete
all of the recovery files!   The  same  caution  applies  to
directories such as /tmp wwhhiicchh aarree cclleeaarreedd ooff tthheeiirr ccoonntteennttss
bbyy aa  ssyysstteemm  rreebboooott,,  oorr  //uussrr//ttmmpp  which  is  periodically
cleared of old files on many systems.)

     The  recovery  directory should be owned by root, or at
least by a pseudo-user.  In addition, if directory  "sticky-
bit"  semantics are available, the directory should have the
sticky-bit set so that files may only be  removed  by  their
owners.   The  recovery  directory  must be read, write, and
executable by any user, i.e. mode 1777.

     If the recovery directory does not  exist,  eexx/vvii  will
attempt  to  create  it.   This  can  result in the recovery
directory being owned by a normal  user,  which  means  that
that  user  will be able to remove other user's recovery and
backup files.  This is annoying, but is not a security issue
as the user cannot otherwise access or modify the files.

     The  recovery file has all of the necessary information
in it to enable the user to recover the  edit  session.   In
addition,  it  has  all  of  the necessary email headers for
_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l(8).  When the system is rebooted, all of the  files
in /var/tmp/vi.recover _n_a_m_e_d _"rreeccoovveerr..XXXXXXXXXXXX_" _s_h_o_u_l_d _b_e _s_e_n_t
_t_o _t_h_e_i_r _o_w_n_e_r_s_, _b_y _e_m_a_i_l_, _u_s_i_n_g _t_h_e --tt _o_p_t_i_o_n  _o_f  sseennddmmaaiill
_(_o_r  _a  _s_i_m_i_l_a_r  _m_e_c_h_a_n_i_s_m  _i_n  _o_t_h_e_r  _m_a_i_l_e_r_s_)_.   _I_f  eexx_/vvii
_r_e_c_e_i_v_e_s _a _h_a_n_g_u_p _(_S_I_G_H_U_P_) _s_i_g_n_a_l_, _o_r _t_h_e _u_s_e_r _e_x_e_c_u_t_e_s  _t_h_e
eexx  pprreesseerrvvee  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_,  eexx_/vvii  _w_i_l_l  _a_u_t_o_m_a_t_i_c_a_l_l_y _e_m_a_i_l _t_h_e
_r_e_c_o_v_e_r_y _i_n_f_o_r_m_a_t_i_o_n _t_o _t_h_e _u_s_e_r_.

     If your system does not have the sseennddmmaaiill utility (or a
mailer program which supports its interface) the source file
nvi/common/recover.c wwiillll hhaavvee ttoo bbee mmooddiiffiieedd  ttoo  uussee  yyoouurr
llooccaall  mmaaiill  ddeelliivveerryy pprrooggrraammss..  NNoottee,, iiff nneexx//nnvvii iiss cchhaannggeedd
ttoo uussee aannootthheerr mmaaiilleerr,, iitt iiss iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo rreemmeemmbbeerr tthhaatt  tthhee
oowwnneerr  ooff  tthhee ffiillee ggiivveenn ttoo tthhee mmaaiilleerr iiss tthhee nneexx//nnvvii uusseerr,,
ssoo nnootthhiinngg iinn tthhee ffiillee sshhoouulldd bbee ttrruusstteedd aass iitt mmaayy hhaavvee bbeeeenn
mmooddiiffiieedd iinn aann eeffffoorrtt ttoo ccoommpprroommiissee tthhee ssyysstteemm..

     Finally,  the  owner execute bit is set on backup files
when they are created, and unset when they are  first  modi-
fied, e.g. backup files that have no associated email recov-
ery file will have this bit set.  (There  is  also  a  small
window  where  empty  files  can be created and not yet have










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--99


this bit set.  This is due to the method in which the  files
are  created.)  Such files should be deleted when the system
reboots.

     A simple way to do this cleanup is to insert  the  fol-
lowing Bourne shell script into your /etc/rc.local (or other
startup) file.  The script should  work  with  the  historic
Bourne  shell,  a  POSIX 1003.2 shell or the Korn shell.  (A
copy     of     this     script     is      included      as
nvi/install/recover.script in the nneexx/nnvvii distribution.)





















































UUSSDD::1133--1100                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


    #    @(#)recover.script  8.7 (Berkeley) 8/16/94
    #
    # Script to recover nvi edit sessions.
    #
    RECDIR=/var/tmp/vi.recover
    SENDMAIL=/usr/lib/sendmail
    echo 'Recovering nvi editor sessions.'

    # Check editor backup files.
    vibackup=`echo $RECDIR/vi.*`
    if [ "$vibackup" != "$RECDIR/vi.*" ]; then
         for i in $vibackup; do
              # Only test files that are readable.
              if test ! -r $i; then
                   continue
              fi

              # Unmodified nvi editor backup files either have the
              # execute bit set or are zero length.  Delete them.
              if test -x $i -o ! -s $i; then
                   rm $i
              fi
         done
    fi

    # It is possible to get incomplete recovery files, if the editor crashes
    # at the right time.
    virecovery=`echo $RECDIR/recover.*`
    if [ "$virecovery" != "$RECDIR/recover.*" ]; then
         for i in $virecovery; do
              # Only test files that are readable.
              if test ! -r $i; then
                   continue
              fi

              # Delete any recovery files that are zero length, corrupted,
              # or that have no corresponding backup file.  Else send mail
              # to the user.
              recfile=`awk '/^X-vi-recover-path:/{print $2}' < $i`
              if test -n "$recfile" -a -s "$recfile"; then
                   $SENDMAIL -t < $i
              else
                   rm $i
              fi
         done
    fi



     If  you  are not using the default value for the rreeccddiirr
option, be sure to substitute the value you're using for the
RECDIR vvaalluuee iinn tthhee rreeccoovveerryy ssccrriipptt..











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--1111


     If the path of your system's sseennddmmaaiill program (or what-
ever mailer you're using) is not /usr/lib/sendmail,, bbee  ssuurree
ttoo ssuubbssttiittuuttee tthhee ccoorrrreecctt ppaatthhnnaammee ffoorr tthhee SSEENNDDMMAAIILL value in
the recovery script.  Consult the manual page for details on
recovering preserved or aborted editing sessions.

55..  SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn

     The  size of the screen can be set in a number of ways.
EExx/vvii takes the following steps until  values  are  obtained
for  both  the  number  of rows and number of columns in the
screen.

 (1)   If the environmental variable  LINES  exists,  it  is
       used to specify the number of rows in the screen.

 (2)   If  the  environmental variable COLUMNS exists, it is
       used to specify the number of columns in the  screen.

 (3)   The  TIOCGWINSZ _i_o_c_t_l(2) is attempted on the standard
       error file descriptor.

 (4)   The termcap entry (or  terminfo  entry  on  System  V
       machines)  is  checked  for the "li" entry (rows) and
       the "co" entry (columns).

 (5)   The number of rows is set to 24, and  the  number  of
       columns is set to 80.

     If  a window change size signal (SIGWINCH) is received,
the new  window  size  is  retrieved  using  the  TIOCGWINSZ
_i_o_c_t_l(2) call, and all other information is ignored.

66..  CChhaarraacctteerr DDiissppllaayy

     In  both  eexx  and vvii printable characters as defined by
_i_s_p_r_i_n_t(3) are displayed using the local character set.

     Non-printable characters, for which _i_s_c_n_t_r_l(3)  returns
true,  and  which are less than octal \040, are displayed as
the string "^<character>_"_, _w_h_e_r_e _<_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_> is the  charac-
ter  that  is the original character's value offset from the
"@_" _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_.  _F_o_r _e_x_a_m_p_l_e_, _t_h_e  _o_c_t_a_l  _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r  _\_0_0_1  _i_s
_d_i_s_p_l_a_y_e_d _a_s _"_^_A".  If _i_s_c_n_t_r_l(3) returns true for the octal
character \177, it is displayed as  the  string  "^?_"_.   _A_l_l
_o_t_h_e_r _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s _a_r_e _d_i_s_p_l_a_y_e_d _a_s _e_i_t_h_e_r _h_e_x_a_d_e_c_i_m_a_l _v_a_l_u_e_s_,
_i_n _t_h_e _f_o_r_m _"_0_x_<_h_i_g_h_-_h_a_l_f_b_y_t_e_> _._._. _0_x_<_l_o_w_-_h_a_l_f_b_y_t_e_>", or  as
octal  values,  in  the  form  "\<high-one-or-two-bits>  ...
\<low-three-bits>_"_.  _T_h_e _d_i_s_p_l_a_y _o_f  _u_n_k_n_o_w_n  _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s  _i_s
_b_a_s_e_d _o_n _t_h_e _v_a_l_u_e _o_f _t_h_e ooccttaall _o_p_t_i_o_n_.

     In  vvii command mode, the cursor is always positioned on
the last column of characters which take up  more  than  one










UUSSDD::1133--1122                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


column  on the screen.  In vvii text input mode, the cursor is
positioned on the first column of characters which  take  up
more than one column on the screen.

77..  MMuullttiippllee SSccrreeeennss

     NNvvii  supports  multiple  screens by dividing the window
into regions.  It also supports stacks of screens by permit-
ting  the  user  to  change the set of screens that are cur-
rently displayed.

     The EEddiitt, EExx, FFgg, NNeexxtt, PPrreevviioouuss, TTaagg and VViissuuaall (in vvii
mode) commands divide the current screen into two regions of
approximately equal size and then perform their usual action
in a new screen area.  If the cursor is in the lower half of
the screen, the screen will split up, i.e.  the  new  screen
will  be  above  the old one.  If the cursor is in the upper
half of the screen, the new screen will  be  below  the  old
one.

     When more than one screen is editing a file, changes in
any screen are reflected in all other  screens  editing  the
same  file.  Exiting a screen without saving any changes (or
explicitly discarding them)  is  permitted  until  the  last
screen editing the file is exited, at which time the changes
must be saved or discarded.

     The  rreessiizzee  command  permits  resizing  of  individual
screens.  Screens may be grown, shrunk or set to an absolute
number of rows.

     The ^^WW command is used to switch between screens.  Each
^^WW  moves  to the next lower screen in the window, or to the
first screen in the window if there are no lower screens.

     The bbgg command "backgrounds" the current  screen.   The
screen  disappears from the window, and the rows it occupied
are taken over by a neighboring screen.  It is an  error  to
attempt to background the only screen in the window.

     The  ddiissppllaayy  ssccrreeeennss command displays the names of the
files associated with the current  backgrounded  screens  in
the window.

     The  ffgg  [[ffiillee]] command moves the specified screen from
the list of backgrounded screens to the foreground.   If  no
file  argument is specified, the first screen on the list is
foregrounded.  By default, foregrounding consists  of  back-
grounding the current screen, and replacing its space in the
window with the foregrounded screen.

     Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.  FFgg,
will  foreground  the  backgrounded  screen  in a new screen










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--1133


instead of swapping it with the current screen.

     If the  last  foregrounded  screen  in  the  window  is
exited, and there are backgrounded screens, the first screen
on the list of backgrounded screens takes over the window.

88..  TTaaggss,, TTaagg SSttaacckkss,, aanndd CCssccooppee

     NNvvii supports the historic vvii tag  command  <<ccoonnttrrooll--]]>>,
and  the historic eexx tag command ttaagg.  These commands change
the current file context to a new location, based on  infor-
mation  found in the tags ffiilleess..  IIff yyoouu aarree uunnffaammiilliiaarr wwiitthh
tthheessee ccoommmmaannddss,, yyoouu sshhoouulldd rreevviieeww tthheeiirr ddeessccrriippttiioonn  iinn  tthhee
eexx  aanndd  vvii ccoommmmaannddss sseeccttiioonn ooff tthhiiss mmaannuuaall..  FFoorr aaddddiittiioonnaall
iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn oonn ttaaggss ffiilleess,, sseeee tthhee ddiissccuussssiioonn  ooff  tthhee  ttaaggss
eeddiitt ooppttiioonn aanndd tthhee ssyysstteemm _c_t_a_g_s((11)) mmaannuuaall ppaaggee..

     In  addition, nnvvii supports the notion of "tags stacks",
using the  <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>  command.   The  <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>  command
returns  the  user  to  the previous context, i.e., the last
place from which a <<ccoonnttrrooll--]]>> or ttaagg command  was  entered.
These  three  commands provide the basic functionality which
allows you to use vvii to review source code in  a  structured
manner.

     NNvvii  also  provides two other basic eexx commands for tag
support: ttaaggppoopp and ttaaggttoopp.  The ttaaggppoopp command is identical
to  the <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>> command, with the additional functional-
ity that you may specify that modifications to  the  current
file  are  to  be  discarded.  This cannot be done using the
<<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>> command.  The ttaaggttoopp command discards all of the
contexts that have been pushed onto the tag stack, returning
to the context from which the first <<ccoonnttrrooll--]]>> or ttaagg  com-
mand was entered.

     The  historic _c_t_a_g_s(1) tags file format supports only a
single location per tag, normally the  function  declaration
or  structure  or  string  definition.   More  sophisticated
source code tools often provide multiple locations per  tag,
e.g.,  a  list of the places from which a function is called
or a string definition is used.  An example  of  this  func-
tionality is the System V source code tool, ccssccooppee.

CCssccooppee  creates  a  database  of  information on source code
files, and supports a query language for that information as
described  in  the  _c_s_c_o_p_e(1)  manual page.  NNvvii contains an
interface to the ccssccooppee query language which permits you  to
query  ccssccooppee  and  then sequentially step through the loca-
tions in the sources files which ccssccooppee returns.  There  are
two  nnvvii commands which support this ability to step through
multiple locations.  They are the eexx  commands  ttaaggnneexxtt  and
ttaaggpprreevv.  The ttaaggnneexxtt command moves to the next location for
the current tag.  The ttaaggpprreevv command moves to the  previous










UUSSDD::1133--1144                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


location  for the current tag.  (See the ttaaggnneexxtt and ttaaggpprreevv
command discussion in the eexx commands section of this manual
for  more  information.)  At any time during this sequential
walk, you may use the <<ccoonnttrrooll--]]>>, ttaagg or ccssccooppee commands to
move  to  a new tag context, and then use the <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>> or
ttaaggppoopp commands to return and continue stepping through  the
locations  for  this  tag.   This is similar to the previous
model of a simple tag stack, except that each entry  in  the
tag  stack  may  have  more than one file context that is of
interest.

     Although there is  no  widely  distributed  version  of
_c_t_a_g_s(1) that creates tags files with multiple locations per
tag, nnvvii has been written to understand the  obvious  exten-
sion  to  the  historic  tags file format, i.e., more than a
single line in the tags file with the same initial tag name.
If  you  wish  to  extend your ccttaaggss implementation or other
tool with which you build tags files, this extension  should
be simple and will require no changes to nnvvii.

     The  nnvvii  and  ccssccooppee  interface is based on the new eexx
command ccssccooppee, which has five subcommands: aadddd, ffiinndd, hheellpp,
kkiillll  and  rreesseett.  The subcommand ffiinndd itself has eight sub-
commands: cc, dd, ee, ff, gg, ii, ss and tt.

ccss[[ccooppee]] aa[[dddd]] ffiillee
     The  aadddd  command  attaches  to  the  specified  ccssccooppee
     database.  The file name is expanded using the standard
     filename expansions.  If ffiillee is a directory, the  file
     "cscope.out" in that directory is used as the database.

     After nnvvii attaches to a new  database,  all  subsequent
ccssccooppee  queries  will be asked of that database.  The result
of any single query is the collection  of  response  to  the
query from all of the attached databases.

If  the "CSCOPE_DIRS" environmental variable is set when nnvvii
is run, it is expected to be a <colon> or  <blank>-separated
list  of  ccssccooppee  databases or directories containing ccssccooppee
databases, to which the user wishes to attach.

::ccss[[ccooppee]] ff[[iinndd]] cc||dd||ee||ff||gg||ii||ss||tt bbuuffffeerr||ppaatttteerrnn
     The ffiinndd command is the ccssccooppee query command  for  nnvvii.
     For  this  command,  nnvvii  queries  all  attached ccssccooppee
     databases for the pattern.  If the pattern is a double-
     quote  character followed by a valid buffer name (e.g.,
     "<character>)),, tthheenn tthhee ccoonntteennttss ooff  tthhee  nnaammeedd  bbuuffffeerr
     aarree  uusseedd  aass tthhee ppaatttteerrnn..  OOtthheerrwwiissee,, tthhee ppaatttteerrnn iiss aa
     RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonn..

     TThhee ffiinndd ccoommmmaanndd ppuusshheess tthhee ccuurrrreenntt llooccaattiioonn  oonnttoo  tthhee
     ttaaggss  ssttaacckk,, aanndd sswwiittcchheess ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt llooccaattiioonn rreessuulltt--
     iinngg ffrroomm tthhee qquueerryy,, iiff tthhee qquueerryy rreettuurrnneedd aatt lleeaasstt  oonnee










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--1155


     rreessuulltt..

     FFiillee  nnaammeess  rreettuurrnneedd bbyy tthhee ccssccooppee qquueerryy,, iiff nnoott aabbssoo--
     lluuttee ppaatthhss,, aarree sseeaarrcchheedd ffoorr rreellaattiivvee ttoo tthhee  ddiirreeccttoorryy
     wwhheerree  tthhee ccssccooppee ddaattaabbaassee iiss llooccaatteedd..  IInn aaddddiittiioonn,, iiff
     tthhee ffiillee ""ccssccooppee..ttppaatthh"" aappppeeaarrss iinn tthhee  ssaammee  ddiirreeccttoorryy
     aass  tthhee  ccssccooppee  ddaattaabbaassee,,  iitt iiss eexxppeecctteedd ttoo ccoonnttaaiinn aa
     ccoolloonn--sseeppaarraatteedd lliisstt ooff  ddiirreeccttoorryy  nnaammeess  wwhheerree  ffiilleess
     rreeffeerreenncceedd  bbyy  iittss  aassssoocciiaatteedd  ccssccooppee ddaattaabbaassee mmaayy bbee
     ffoouunndd..

     TThhee ffiinndd ssuubbccoommmmaanndd iiss oonnee ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg::

     c        Find callers of the name.
     d        Find all function calls made from name.
     e        Find pattern.
     f        Find files with name as substring.
     g        Find definition of name.
     i        Find files #including name.
     s        Find all uses of name.
     t        Find assignments to name.

::ccss[[ccooppee]] hh[[eellpp]] [[ccoommmmaanndd]]
     List the ccssccooppee commands, or optionally list usage help
     for any single ccssccooppee command.

::ddiissppllaayy cc[[oonnnneeccttiioonnss]]
     Display  the  list  of ccssccooppee databases to which nnvvii is
     currently connected.

::ccss[[ccooppee]] kk[[iillll]] ##
     Disconnect from a specific ccssccooppee database.   The  con-
     nection  number  is the one displayed by the eexx ddiissppllaayy
     ccoonnnneeccttiioonnss command.

::ccss[[ccooppee]] rr[[eesseett]]
     Disconnect from all attached ccssccooppee databases.

     Cscope is not freely redistributable software,  but  is
fairly inexpensive and easily available.  To purchase a copy
of   ccssccooppee,   see   http://www.att.com/ssg/products/toolch-
est.html.

99..  RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss aanndd RReeppllaacceemmeenntt SSttrriinnggss

     Regular  expressions are used in line addresses, as the
first part of the eexx ssuubbssttiittuuttee, gglloobbaall, and vv commands, and
in search patterns.

     The  regular  expressions  supported  by  eexx/vvii are, by
default, the Basic Regular Expressions (BRE's) described  in
the  IEEE POSIX Standard 1003.2.  The eexxtteennddeedd option causes
all regular expressions to be interpreted  as  the  Extended










UUSSDD::1133--1166                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


Regular  Expressions (ERE's) described by the same standard.
(See _r_e___f_o_r_m_a_t(7) for more information.)   Generally  speak-
ing,  BRE's  are  the Regular Expressions found in _e_d(1) and
_g_r_e_p(1), and ERE's are  the  Regular  Expressions  found  in
_e_g_r_e_p(1).

     The  following is not intended to provide a description
of Regular Expressions.  The information here only describes
strings  and  characters  which have special meanings in the
eexx/vvii version of RE's, or options which change the  meanings
of characters that normally have special meanings in RE's.

 (1)   An empty RE (e.g.  "//" or "??"  is equivalent to the
       last RE used.

 (2)   The construct "\<" matches the beginning of a word.

 (3)   The construct "\>" matches the end of a word.

 (4)   The character "~" matches the replacement part of the
       last ssuubbssttiittuuttee command.

     When  the  mmaaggiicc option is _n_o_t set, the only characters
with special meanings are a "^_" _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _a_t  _t_h_e  _b_e_g_i_n_n_i_n_g
_o_f  _a_n  _R_E_,  _a  _"_$"  character  at the end of an RE, and the
escaping character "\_"_.  _T_h_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s _"_.",  "*_"_,  _"_["  and
"~_"  _a_r_e _t_r_e_a_t_e_d _a_s _o_r_d_i_n_a_r_y _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s _u_n_l_e_s_s _p_r_e_c_e_d_e_d _b_y _a
_"_\"; when preceded by a "\_" _t_h_e_y _r_e_g_a_i_n _t_h_e_i_r _s_p_e_c_i_a_l  _m_e_a_n_-
_i_n_g_.

     Replacement strings are the second part of a ssuubbssttiittuuttee
command.

     The character "&" (or "\&" if the mmaaggiicc option  is  _n_o_t
set)  in  the replacement string stands for the text matched
by the RE that is being replaced.   The  character  "~_"  _(_o_r
_"_\_~" if the mmaaggiicc option is _n_o_t set) stands for the replace-
ment part of the previous ssuubbssttiittuuttee command.   It  is  only
valid after a ssuubbssttiittuuttee command has been performed.

     The  string  "\#", where "#" is an integer value from 1
to 9, stands for the text matched by the portion of  the  RE
enclosed  in  the  "#"'th  set  of escaped parentheses, e.g.
"\(" and "\)".  For  example,  "s/abc\(.*\)def/\1/"  deletes
the strings "abc" and "def" from the matched pattern.

     The  strings  "\l",  "\u", "\L" and "\U" can be used to
modify the case of elements in the replacement string.   The
string  "\l"  causes  the  next character to be converted to
lowercase; the string "\u" behaves similarly,  but  converts
to  uppercase (e.g.  s/abc/\U&/ replaces the string abc with
ABC).  The string "\L" causes characters up to  the  end  of
the  string  or  the  next occurrence of the strings "\e" or










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--1177


"\E" to be converted to lowercase; the string  "\U"  behaves
similarly, but converts to uppercase.

     If the entire replacement pattern is "%", then the last
replacement pattern is used again.

     In vvii, inserting a  <control-M>  iinnttoo  tthhee  rreeppllaacceemmeenntt
ssttrriinngg  wwiillll  ccaauussee  tthhee  mmaattcchheedd  lliinnee ttoo bbee sspplliitt iinnttoo ttwwoo
lliinneess aatt tthhaatt ppooiinntt..  ((TThhee <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>> will be discarded.)

1100..  SSccrriippttiinngg LLaanngguuaaggeess

     The nnvvii editor currently supports  two  scripting  lan-
guages,  Tcl/Tk  and  Perl5.   (Note that Perl4 isn't suffi-
cient, and that the Perl5 must be version  5.002  or  later.
See the "BBuuiillddiinngg NNvvii" section for more information.

     The  scripting language interface is still being worked
on, therefore the following information is  probably  incom-
plete,  probably  wrong in cases, and likely to change.  See
the perl_api and tcl_api source directories for more  infor-
mation.   As a quick reference, the following function calls
are provided for both the Perl and Tcl interfaces.  The Perl
interface  uses a slightly different naming convention, e.g.
``viFindScreen'' is named ``VI::FindScreen''.

vviiFFiinnddSSccrreeeenn ffiillee
     Return the screenIdaassssoocciiaatteedd ffiillee.

vviiAAppppeennddLLiinnee ssccrreeeennIIdd lliinneeNNuummbbeerr tteexxtt
     Append text aass aa nneeww lliinnee aafftteerr lliinnee nnuummbbeerr lliinneeNNuummbbeerr,
     in the screen screenId..

vviiDDeellLLiinnee ssccrreeeennIIdd lliinneeNNuumm
     Delete the line lineNumber ffrroomm tthhee ssccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd.

vviiGGeettLLiinnee ssccrreeeennIIdd lliinneeNNuummbbeerr
     Return the line lineNumber ffrroomm tthhee ssccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd.

vviiIInnsseerrttLLiinnee ssccrreeeennIIdd lliinneeNNuummbbeerr tteexxtt
     Insert text aass aa nneeww lliinnee bbeeffoorree lliinnee nnuummbbeerr lliinneeNNuummbbeerr
     in the screen screenId..

vviiLLaassttLLiinnee ssccrreeeennIIdd
     Return the line number of the last line in  the  screen
     screenId..

vviiSSeettLLiinnee ssccrreeeennIIdd lliinneeNNuummbbeerr tteexxtt
     Change  the  line  lineNumber iinn tthhee ssccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd to
     match the specified text..

vviiGGeettMMaarrkk ssccrreeeennIIdd mmaarrkk
     Return the current line and column  for  the  specified










UUSSDD::1133--1188                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     mark ffrroomm tthhee ssccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd.

vviiSSeettMMaarrkk ssccrreeeennIIdd mmaarrkk lliinnee ccoolluummnn
     Set  the specified mark ttoo bbee aatt lliinnee lliinnee, column col-
     umn,, iinn tthhee ssccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd.

vviiGGeettCCuurrssoorr ssccrreeeennIIdd
     Return the current line and column for  the  cursor  in
     the screen screenId..

vviiSSeettCCuurrssoorr ssccrreeeennIIdd lliinnee ccoolluummnn
     Set  the cursor in the screen screenId ttoo tthhee ssppeecciiffiieedd
     lliinnee and column..

vviiMMssgg ssccrreeeennIIdd tteexxtt
     Display the specified text  aass  aa  vvii  mmeessssaaggee  iinn  tthhee
     ssccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd.

vviiNNeewwSSccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd [[ffiillee]]
     Create a new screen.

vviiEEnnddSSccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd
     Exit the screen screenId..

vviiSSwwiittcchhSSccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd ssccrreeeennIIdd
     Switch from the screen screenId ttoo tthhee ssccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd.

vviiMMaappKKeeyy ssccrreeeennIIdd kkeeyy ttccllpprroocc
     Map the specified key iinn tthhee ssccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd to the Tcl
     procedure tclproc..

vviiUUnnmmMMaappKKeeyy ssccrreeeennIIdd kkeeyy
     Unmap the specified key iinn tthhee ssccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd

vviiGGeettOOpptt ssccrreeeennIIdd ooppttiioonn
     Return  the  value  of  the  specified  option ffrroomm tthhee
     ssccrreeeenn ssccrreeeennIIdd.

vviiSSeettOOpptt ssccrreeeennIIdd ccoommmmaanndd
     Set one or more options in the screen screenId..

1111..  GGeenneerraall EEddiittoorr DDeessccrriippttiioonn

     When eexx or vvii are executed, the text of a file is  read
(or  a  temporary  file  is  created),  and then all editing
changes happen within the context of the copy of  the  file.
_N_o  _c_h_a_n_g_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t _t_h_e _a_c_t_u_a_l _f_i_l_e _u_n_t_i_l _t_h_e _f_i_l_e _i_s _w_r_i_t_t_e_n
_o_u_t, either using a write command or another  command  which
is affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option.

     All  files  are  locked (using the _f_l_o_c_k(2) or _f_c_n_t_l(2)
interfaces) during the edit session, to avoid  inadvertently
making  modifications  to multiple copies of the file.  If a










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--1199


lock cannot be obtained for a file because it is  locked  by
another  process,  the  edit session is read-only (as if the
rreeaaddoonnllyy option or the --RR flag had been  specified).   If  a
lock  cannot be obtained for other reasons, the edit session
will continue, but the  file  status  information  (see  the
<<ccoonnttrrooll--GG>> command) will reflect this fact.

     Both  eexx and vvii are modeful editors, i.e. they have two
modes, "command" mode and "text input" mode.  The former  is
intended  to  permit  you  to  enter commands which modifies
already existing text.  The latter is intended to permit you
to  enter  new text.  When eexx first starts running, it is in
command mode, and usually displays a prompt (see the  pprroommpptt
option  for more information).  The prompt is a single colon
(":"")) cchhaarraacctteerr..  TThheerree aarree tthhrreeee ccoommmmaannddss  tthhaatt  sswwiittcchh  eexx
iinnttoo  tteexxtt  iinnppuutt  mmooddee:: aappppeenndd,, cchhaannggee aanndd iinnsseerrtt..  OOnnccee iinn
iinnppuutt mmooddee,, eenntteerriinngg aa lliinnee ccoonnttaaiinniinngg oonnllyy aa ssiinnggllee  ppeerriioodd
((""..""))   eennddss  tteexxtt  iinnppuutt  mmooddee aanndd rreettuurrnnss ttoo ccoommmmaanndd mmooddee,,
wwhheerree tthhee pprroommpptt iiss rreeddiissppllaayyeedd..

     When vvii first starts running, it is in command mode  as
well.   There  are  eleven commands that switch vvii into text
input mode: AA, aa, CC, cc, II, ii, OO, oo, RR, SS  and  ss.   Once  in
input  mode,  entering an <escape> cchhaarraacctteerr eennddss tteexxtt iinnppuutt
mmooddee aanndd rreettuurrnnss ttoo ccoommmmaanndd mmooddee..

     EExx/vvii present three different interfaces to  editing  a
file.  EExx presents a line oriented interface.  VVii presents a
full  screen  display  oriented  interface,  also  known  as
"visual  mode".   In  addition, there is a third mode, "open
mode", which is line oriented, but supports cursor  movement
and  editing  within the displayed line, similarly to visual
mode.  Open mode is not yet implemented in nnvvii.

     The following words have special meanings in  both  the
eexx and vvii command descriptions:

<<iinntteerrrruupptt>>
     The  interrupt  character is used to interrupt the cur-
     rent operation.  Normally <control-C>,, wwhhaatteevveerr cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr iiss sseett ffoorr tthhee ccuurrrreenntt tteerrmmiinnaall iiss uusseedd..

<<lliitteerraall--nneexxtt>>
     The literal next character is used to escape the subse-
     quent character from any special meaning.  This charac-
     ter  is always <control-V>..  IIff tthhee tteerrmmiinnaall iiss nnoott sseett
     uupp ttoo ddoo XXOONN//XXOOFFFF ffllooww  ccoonnttrrooll,,  tthheenn  <<ccoonnttrrooll--QQ>>  is
     used to mean literal next as well.

ccuurrrreenntt ppaatthhnnaammee
     The  pathname of the file currently being edited by vi.
     When the percent character ("%"")) aappppeeaarrss iinn aa ffiillee nnaammee
     eenntteerreedd  aass  ppaarrtt  ooff  aann  eexx  ccoommmmaanndd  aarrgguummeenntt,, iitt iiss










UUSSDD::1133--2200                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     rreeppllaacceedd bbyy tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppaatthhnnaammee..  ((TThhee  ""%%""  cchhaarraacctteerr
     ccaann bbee eessccaappeedd bbyy pprreecceeddiinngg iitt wwiitthh aa bbaacckkssllaasshh..))

aalltteerrnnaattee ppaatthhnnaammee
     The  name of the last file name mentioned in an eexx com-
     mand, or, the previous current  pathname  if  the  last
     file mentioned becomes the current file.  When the hash
     mark character ("#"")) aappppeeaarrss iinn aa ffiillee nnaammee eenntteerreedd  aass
     ppaarrtt  ooff  aann eexx ccoommmmaanndd aarrgguummeenntt,, iitt iiss rreeppllaacceedd bbyy tthhee
     aalltteerrnnaattee ppaatthhnnaammee..  ((TThhee ""##"" cchhaarraacctteerr ccaann bbee  eessccaappeedd
     bbyy pprreecceeddiinngg iitt wwiitthh aa bbaacckkssllaasshh..))

bbuuffffeerr
     One  of  a  number  of named areas for saving copies of
     text.  Commands that change or delete text can save the
     changed  or  deleted  text  into a specific buffer, for
     later use, if the command allows it (i.e. the eexx cchhaannggee
     command  cannot  save  the  changed  text  in  a  named
     buffer).  Buffers are named with  a  single  character,
     preceded  by  a  double quote, e.g.  "<character> iinn vvii
     aanndd wwiitthhoouutt tthhee ddoouubbllee qquuoottee,, ee..gg..  <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>,, iinn eexx..
     ((TThhee  ddoouubbllee  qquuoottee  iissnn''tt  nneecceessssaarryy  ffoorr  eexx  bbeeccaauussee
     bbuuffffeerrss nnaammeess aarree ddeennootteedd bbyy tthheeiirr ppoossiittiioonn iinn tthhee ccoomm--
     mmaanndd  lliinnee..))  HHiissttoorriicc iimmpplleemmeennttaattiioonnss ooff eexx//vvii lliimmiitteedd
     <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> ttoo  tthhee  aallpphhaannuummeerriicc  cchhaarraacctteerrss;;  nneexx//nnvvii
     ppeerrmmiittss  tthhee uussee ooff aannyy cchhaarraacctteerr wwiitthhoouutt aannootthheerr mmeeaann--
     iinngg iinn tthhee ppoossiittiioonn wwhheerree aa bbuuffffeerr nnaammee iiss eexxppeecctteedd..

     BBuuffffeerrss nnaammeedd bbyy uuppppeerrccaassee cchhaarraacctteerrss aarree tthhee  ssaammee  aass
     bbuuffffeerrss  nnaammeedd bbyy lloowweerrccaassee cchhaarraacctteerrss,, ee..gg.. tthhee bbuuffffeerr
     nnaammeedd bbyy tthhee EEnngglliisshh cchhaarraacctteerr ""AA"" iiss tthhee ssaammee  aass  tthhee
     bbuuffffeerr  nnaammeedd  bbyy tthhee cchhaarraacctteerr ""aa"",, wwiitthh tthhee eexxcceeppttiioonn
     tthhaatt,, iiff tthhee bbuuffffeerr ccoonntteennttss aarree bbeeiinngg cchhaannggeedd ((aass wwiitthh
     aa  tteexxtt  ddeelleettiioonn  oorr  vvii  cchhaannggee ccoommmmaanndd)),, tthhee tteexxtt iiss
     _a_p_p_e_n_d_e_d ttoo tthhee bbuuffffeerr,, iinnsstteeaadd ooff rreeppllaacciinngg  tthhee  ccuurr--
     rreenntt ccoonntteennttss..

     TThhee   bbuuffffeerrss  nnaammeedd  bbyy  tthhee  nnuummeerriicc  cchhaarraacctteerrss  ((iinn
     EEnngglliisshh,, ""11_" _t_h_r_o_u_g_h _"_9"")),, aarree ssppeecciiaall..  IIff aa rreeggiioonn ooff
     tteexxtt iinncclluuddiinngg cchhaarraacctteerrss ffrroomm mmoorree tthhaann oonnee lliinnee,, oorr aa
     ssiinnggllee lliinnee ooff tteexxtt ssppeecciiffiieedd bbyy uussiinngg aa  lliinnee--oorriieenntteedd
     mmoottiioonn,,  iiss cchhaannggeedd oorr ddeelleetteedd iinn tthhee ffiillee uussiinngg tthhee vvii
     cchhaannggee oorr ddeelleettee ccoommmmaannddss,, aa ccooppyy ooff tthhee tteexxtt iiss ppllaacceedd
     iinnttoo  tthhee  nnuummeerriicc  bbuuffffeerr  ""11"",, rreeggaarrddlleessss ooff tthhee uusseerr
     ssppeecciiffyyiinngg aannootthheerr bbuuffffeerr iinn  wwhhiicchh  ttoo  ssaavvee  iitt..   IInn
     aaddddiittiioonn,,  tthheerree aarree aa ffeeww ccoommmmaannddss wwhhiicchh,, wwhheenn uusseedd aass
     aa mmoottiioonn wwiitthh tthhee vvii cchhaannggee aanndd ddeelleettee ccoommmmaannddss,, _a_l_w_a_y_s
     ccooppyy  tthhee  ssppeecciiffiieedd  rreeggiioonn  ooff  tteexxtt iinnttoo tthhee nnuummeerriicc
     bbuuffffeerrss rreeggaarrddlleessss ooff tthhee rreeggiioonn  iinncclluuddiinngg  cchhaarraacctteerrss
     ffrroomm mmoorree tthhaann oonnee lliinnee..  TThheessee ccoommmmaannddss aarree::













NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--2211


      <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>>   %%   ((   ))
     ``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>   //   ??   NN
                nn   {{   }}


     Before  this  copy  is  done,  the previous contents of
     buffer "1"" aarree mmoovveedd iinnttoo bbuuffffeerr ""22", "2""  iinnttoo  bbuuffffeerr
     ""33",  and  so  on.  The contents of buffer "9"" aarree ddiiss--
     ccaarrddeedd..  IInn vvii,, tteexxtt mmaayy bbee eexxpplliicciittllyy ssttoorreedd iinnttoo  tthhee
     nnuummeerriicc  bbuuffffeerrss..   IInn  tthhiiss  ccaassee,, tthhee bbuuffffeerr rroottaattiioonn
     ddeessccrriibbeedd aabboovvee ooccccuurrss bbeeffoorree tthhee  rreeppllaacceemmeenntt  ooff  tthhee
     bbuuffffeerr''ss ccoonntteennttss..  TThhee nnuummeerriicc bbuuffffeerrss aarree oonnllyy aavvaaiill--
     aabbllee iinn vviissuuaall aanndd ooppeenn mmooddeess,, aanndd aarree  nnoott  aacccceessssiibbllee
     bbyy  eexx iinn aannyy wwaayy,, aalltthhoouugghh cchhaannggeedd aanndd ddeelleetteedd tteexxtt iiss
     ssttiillll ssttoorreedd tthheerree wwhhiillee iinn eexx mmooddee..

     WWhheenn aa vvii ccoommmmaanndd ssyynnooppssiiss sshhoowwss bbootthh aa [[bbuuffffeerr]] aanndd  aa
     [[ccoouunntt]],, tthheeyy mmaayy bbee pprreesseenntteedd iinn aannyy oorrddeerr..

     FFiinnaallllyy,,  aallll  bbuuffffeerrss aarree eeiitthheerr ""lliinnee"" oorr ""cchhaarraacctteerr""
     oorriieenntteedd..   AAllll  eexx  ccoommmmaannddss  wwhhiicchh  ssttoorree  tteexxtt  iinnttoo
     bbuuffffeerrss  aarree  lliinnee  oorriieenntteedd..   SSoommee  vvii ccoommmmaannddss wwhhiicchh
     ssttoorree tteexxtt iinnttoo bbuuffffeerrss aarree lliinnee oorriieenntteedd,, aanndd ssoommee aarree
     cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd;; tthhee ddeessccrriippttiioonn ffoorr eeaacchh aapppplliiccaabbllee
     vvii ccoommmmaanndd nnootteess wwhheetthheerr tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo bbuuffffeerrss uussiinngg
     tthhee  ccoommmmaanndd  iiss  lliinnee oorr cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..  IInn aaddddii--
     ttiioonn,, tthhee vvii ccoommmmaanndd ddiissppllaayy bbuuffffeerrss ddiissppllaayyss tthhee  ccuurr--
     rreenntt  oorriieennttaattiioonn ffoorr eeaacchh bbuuffffeerr..  GGeenneerraallllyy,, tthhee oonnllyy
     iimmppoorrttaannccee aattttaacchheedd ttoo tthhiiss oorriieennttaattiioonn iiss tthhaatt iiff  tthhee
     bbuuffffeerr  iiss  ssuubbsseeqquueennttllyy  iinnsseerrtteedd  iinnttoo tthhee tteexxtt,, lliinnee
     oorriieenntteedd bbuuffffeerrss ccrreeaattee nneeww lliinneess ffoorr eeaacchh ooff tthhee lliinneess
     tthheeyy ccoonnttaaiinn,, aanndd cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd bbuuffffeerrss ccrreeaattee nneeww
     lliinneess ffoorr aannyy lliinneess _o_t_h_e_r tthhaann tthhee ffiirrsstt aanndd llaasstt lliinneess
     tthheeyy  ccoonnttaaiinn..   TThhee  ffiirrsstt aanndd llaasstt lliinneess aarree iinnsseerrtteedd
     iinnttoo tthhee tteexxtt aatt tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ccuurrssoorr ppoossiittiioonn,,  bbeeccoommiinngg
     ppaarrtt  ooff  tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee..  IIff tthheerree iiss mmoorree tthhaann oonnee
     lliinnee iinn tthhee bbuuffffeerr,, hhoowweevveerr,, tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  lliinnee  iittsseellff
     wwiillll bbee sspplliitt..

uunnnnaammeedd bbuuffffeerr
     The unnamed buffer is a text storage area which is used
     by commands that use or operate on  a  buffer  when  no
     buffer is specified by the user.  If the command stores
     text into a buffer, the text is stored into the unnamed
     buffer  even if a buffer is also specified by the user.
     It is not  possible  to  append  text  to  the  unnamed
     buffer.   If  text  is  appended to a named buffer, the
     named buffer contains both the old and new text,  while
     the  unnamed  buffer contains only the new text.  There
     is no way to explicitly reference the unnamed buffer.

     Historically, the contents of the unnamed  buffer  were











UUSSDD::1133--2222                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     discarded  by  many  different commands, even ones that
     didn't store text into it.  NNeexx/nnvvii never discards  the
     contents  of the unnamed buffer until new text replaces
     them.

wwhhiitteessppaaccee
     The characters <tab> and <space>.

<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
     The character  represented  by  an  ASCII  <control-M>..
     TThhiiss  cchhaarraacctteerr iiss aallmmoosstt aallwwaayyss ttrreeaatteedd iiddeennttiiccaallllyy ttoo
     aa <<nneewwlliinnee>> character, but differs in that  it  can  be
     escaped into the file text or into a command.

<<nneewwlliinnee>>
     The  character  represented  by  an  ASCII <control-J>..
     TThhiiss cchhaarraacctteerr iiss aallmmoosstt aallwwaayyss ttrreeaatteedd iiddeennttiiccaallllyy  ttoo
     aa  <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>> character, but differs in that it cannot
     be escaped into the file text or into a command.

1122..  VVii DDeessccrriippttiioonn

     VVii takes up the entire screen  to  display  the  edited
file,  except for the bottom line of the screen.  The bottom
line of the screen is used to enter eexx commands, and for  vvii
error  and  informational messages.  If no other information
is being displayed, the default display can show the current
cursor  row  and cursor column, an indication of whether the
file has been modified, and the current mode of the  editor.
See the rruulleerr and sshhoowwmmooddee options for more information.

     Empty  lines  do not have any special representation on
the screen, but lines on the  screen  that  would  logically
come  after  the  end  of the file are displayed as a single
tilde ("~") character.  To differentiate between empty lines
and  lines consisting of only whitespace characters, use the
lliisstt option.  Historically, implementations of vvii have  also
displayed  some  lines  as single asterisk ("@"")) cchhaarraacctteerrss..
TThheessee wweerree lliinneess tthhaatt wweerree  nnoott  ccoorrrreeccttllyy  ddiissppllaayyeedd,,  ii..ee..
lliinneess  oonn tthhee ssccrreeeenn tthhaatt ddiidd nnoott ccoorrrreessppoonndd ttoo lliinneess iinn tthhee
ffiillee,, oorr lliinneess tthhaatt ddiidd nnoott ffiitt oonn tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ssccrreeeenn..   NNvvii
nneevveerr ddiissppllaayyss lliinneess iinn tthhiiss ffaasshhiioonn..

     VVii  is  a  modeful editor, i.e. it has two modes, "com-
mand" mode and "text input" mode.  When vvii first starts,  it
is  in command mode.  There are several commands that change
vvii into text input mode.  The <escape> cchhaarraacctteerr iiss uusseedd  ttoo
rreessoollvvee  tthhee  tteexxtt  iinnppuutt  iinnttoo tthhee ffiillee,, aanndd eexxiitt bbaacckk iinnttoo
ccoommmmaanndd mmooddee..  IInn vvii ccoommmmaanndd  mmooddee,,  tthhee  ccuurrssoorr  iiss  aallwwaayyss
ppoossiittiioonneedd  oonn  tthhee  llaasstt ccoolluummnn ooff cchhaarraacctteerrss wwhhiicchh ttaakkee uupp
mmoorree tthhaann oonnee ccoolluummnn oonn tthhee ssccrreeeenn..  IInn vvii tteexxtt iinnsseerrtt mmooddee,,
tthhee  ccuurrssoorr  iiss ppoossiittiioonneedd oonn tthhee ffiirrsstt ccoolluummnn ooff cchhaarraacctteerrss
wwhhiicchh ttaakkee uupp mmoorree tthhaann oonnee ccoolluummnn oonn tthhee ssccrreeeenn..










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2233


     When positioning the cursor to a new line  and  column,
the  type  of movement is defined by the distance to the new
cursor position.  If the new position is close,  the  screen
is scrolled to the new location.  If the new position is far
away, the screen is repainted so that the new position is on
the  screen.  If the screen is scrolled, it is moved a mini-
mal amount, and the cursor line will usually appear  at  the
top  or  bottom  of the screen.  If the screen is repainted,
the cursor line will appear in the  center  of  the  screen,
unless  the cursor is sufficiently close to the beginning or
end of the file that this isn't possible.  If the  lleeffttrriigghhtt
option  is set, the screen may be scrolled or repainted in a
horizontal direction as well as in a vertical one.

     A major difference between the historical vvii  presenta-
tion  and  nnvvii is in the scrolling and screen oriented posi-
tion commands, <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--EE>>,  <<ccoonn--
ttrrooll--FF>>,  <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--YY>>, HH, LL and MM.  In histori-
cal implementations of vvii, these commands acted on  physical
(as  opposed  to  logical, or screen) lines.  For lines that
were sufficiently long  in  relation  to  the  size  of  the
screen,  this  meant  that single line scroll commands might
repaint the entire screen, scrolling or  screen  positioning
commands  might  not change the screen or move the cursor at
all, and some lines simply  could  not  be  displayed,  even
though  vvii would edit the file that contained them.  In nnvvii,
these commands act on logical, i.e. screen lines.   You  are
unlikely  to  notice  any  difference unless you are editing
files with lines significantly longer than a screen width.

     VVii keeps track of the currently "most attractive"  cur-
sor  position.   Each command description (for commands that
alter the current cursor position), specifies if the  cursor
is set to a specific location in the line, or if it is moved
to the "most attractive cursor position".  The latter  means
that the cursor is moved to the cursor position that is hor-
izontally as close as possible to the current  cursor  posi-
tion.   If the current line is shorter than the cursor posi-
tion vvii would select, the cursor is positioned on  the  last
character in the line.  (If the line is empty, the cursor is
positioned on the first column of the line.)  If  a  command
moves  the  cursor  to the most attractive position, it does
not alter the current  cursor  position,  and  a  subsequent
movement will again attempt to move the cursor to that posi-
tion.  Therefore, although a movement to a line shorter than
the currently most attractive position will cause the cursor
to move to the end of that line, a subsequent movement to  a
longer  line  will cause the cursor to move back to the most
attractive position.

     In addition, the $$ command makes the end of  each  line
the  most  attractive cursor position rather than a specific
column.










UUSSDD::1133--2244                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Each vvii command described below notes where the  cursor
ends up after it is executed.  This position is described in
terms of characters on the line, i.e.  "the previous charac-
ter",  or,  "the  last  character  in the line".  This is to
avoid needing to continually refer to on what  part  of  the
character the cursor rests.

     The  following  words  have special meaning for vvii com-
mands.

pprreevviioouuss ccoonntteexxtt
     The position of the cursor  before  the  command  which
     caused  the  last absolute movement was executed.  Each
     vvii command described in the next section that  is  con-
     sidered an absolute movement is so noted.  In addition,
     specifying _a_n_y address to an eexx command  is  considered
     an absolute movement.

mmoottiioonn
     A second vvii command can be used as an optional trailing
     argument to the vvii <<, >>, !!, cc, dd, yy, and (depending  on
     the ttiillddeeoopp option) ~~ commands.  This command indicates
     the end of the region of text that's  affected  by  the
     command.   The motion command may be either the command
     character repeated (in which case it means the  current
     line)  or  a  cursor  movement  command.  In the latter
     case, the region affected by the command  is  from  the
     starting  or stopping cursor position which comes first
     in the file, to  immediately  before  the  starting  or
     stopping cursor position which comes later in the file.
     Commands that operate on lines instead of using  begin-
     ning  and ending cursor positions operate on all of the
     lines that are wholly or partially in the  region.   In
     addition,  some  other  commands  become  line oriented
     depending on where in the text they are used.  The com-
     mand descriptions below note these special cases.

     The following commands may all be used as motion compo-
     nents for vvii commands:


     <control-A>    <control-H>   <control-J>   <control-M>
     <control-N>    <control-P>       <space>             $
               %   '<character>             (             )
               +              ,             -             /
               0              ;             ?             B
               E              F             G             H
               L              M             N             T
               W             [[            ]]             ^
               _   `<character>             b             e













NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2255


               f              h             j             k
               l              n             t             w
               {              |             }


     The optional count prefix available for some of the  vvii
     commands that take motion commands, or the count prefix
     available for the vvii commands that are used  as  motion
     components,  may  be  included and is _a_l_w_a_y_s considered
     part of the motion argument.  For example, the commands
     "c2w_" _a_n_d _"_2_c_w" are equivalent, and the region affected
     by the cc command is two words of text.  In addition, if
     the  optional count prefix is specified for both the vvii
     command and its motion component, the effect is  multi-
     plicative  and  is  considered part of the motion argu-
     ment.  For example, the commands "4cw"" aanndd  ""22cc22ww"  are
     equivalent, and the region affected by the cc command is
     four words of text.

ccoouunntt
     A positive number used as an optional argument to  most
     commands, either to give a size or a position (for dis-
     play or movement commands), or as a repeat  count  (for
     commands  that  modify  text).   The  count argument is
     always optional and  defaults  to  1  unless  otherwise
     noted in the command description.

     When  a  vvii  command synopsis shows both a [buffer] aanndd
     [[ccoouunntt]], they may be presented in any order.

wwoorrdd
     Generally, in languages where it is applicable, vvii rec-
     ognizes  two kinds of words.  First, a sequence of let-
     ters, digits and underscores, delimited  at  both  ends
     by:  characters  other  than letters, digits, or under-
     scores, the beginning or end of a line, and the  begin-
     ning or end of the file.  Second, a sequence of charac-
     ters  other  than  letters,  digits,  underscores,   or
     whitespace  characters,  delimited  at  both ends by: a
     letter, digit, underscore, or whitespace character, the
     beginning or end of a line, and the beginning or end of
     the file.  For example, the characters  "  !@#abc$%^  ""
     ccoonnttaaiinn tthhrreeee wwoorrddss:: ""!!@@##", "abc"" aanndd ""$$%%^^".

     Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites-
     pace characters) are treated as a single word.

bbiiggwwoorrdd
     A set of non-whitespace characters  preceded  and  fol-
     lowed  by whitespace characters or the beginning or end
     of the file or line.  For  example,  the  characters  "
     !@#abc$%^ "" ccoonnttaaiinn oonnee bbiiggwwoorrdd:: ""!!@@##aabbcc$$%%^^".











UUSSDD::1133--2266                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites-
     pace characters) are treated as a single bigword.

ppaarraaggrraapphh
     An area of text that begins with either  the  beginning
     of  a  file,  an empty line, or a section boundary, and
     continues until either an empty line, section boundary,
     or the end of the file.

     Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites-
     pace characters) are treated as a single paragraph.

     Additional paragraph boundaries can  be  defined  using
     the ppaarraaggrraapphhss option.

sseeccttiioonn
     An  area  of text that starts with the beginning of the
     file or a line whose first character is an  open  brace
     ("{""))  aanndd  ccoonnttiinnuueess uunnttiill tthhee nneexxtt sseeccttiioonn oorr tthhee eenndd
     ooff tthhee ffiillee..

     AAddddiittiioonnaall sseeccttiioonn bboouunnddaarriieess ccaann bbee ddeeffiinneedd uussiinngg  tthhee
     sseeccttiioonnss ooppttiioonn..

sseenntteennccee
     An  area  of text that begins with either the beginning
     of the file or the first nonblank  character  following
     the  previous  sentence, paragraph, or section boundary
     and continues until the end of the  file  or  a  period
     (".""))   eexxccllaammaattiioonn ppooiinntt ((""!!")  or question mark ("?""))
     cchhaarraacctteerr,, ffoolllloowweedd bbyy eeiitthheerr  aann  eenndd--ooff--lliinnee  oorr  ttwwoo
     wwhhiitteessppaaccee cchhaarraacctteerrss..  AAnnyy nnuummbbeerr ooff cclloossiinngg ppaarreenntthhee--
     sseess ((""))"), brackets ("]"")),, ddoouubbllee--qquuoottee ((""""") or single
     quote  ("'""))  cchhaarraacctteerrss ccaann aappppeeaarr bbeettwweeeenn tthhee ppeerriioodd,,
     eexxccllaammaattiioonn ppooiinntt,, oorr qquueessttiioonn mmaarrkk aanndd tthhee  wwhhiitteessppaaccee
     cchhaarraacctteerrss oorr eenndd--ooff--lliinnee..

     GGrroouuppss ooff eemmppttyy lliinneess ((oorr lliinneess ccoonnttaaiinniinngg oonnllyy wwhhiitteess--
     ppaaccee cchhaarraacctteerrss)) aarree ttrreeaatteedd aass aa ssiinnggllee sseenntteennccee..

1133..  VVii CCoommmmaannddss

     The following section describes the commands  available
in  the command mode of the vvii editor.  In each entry below,
the tag line is a usage synopsis for the command  character.
In  addition,  the  final  line  and column the cursor rests
upon, and any options which affect the command are noted.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>>
     Search forward count ttiimmeess ffoorr tthhee ccuurrrreenntt  wwoorrdd..   TThhee
     ccuurrrreenntt wwoorrdd bbeeggiinnss aatt tthhee ffiirrsstt nnoonn--wwhhiitteessppaaccee cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr oonn  oorr  aafftteerr  tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  ccuurrssoorr  ppoossiittiioonn,,  aanndd
     eexxtteennddss uupp ttoo tthhee nneexxtt nnoonn--wwoorrdd cchhaarraacctteerr oorr tthhee eenndd ooff










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2277


     tthhee lliinnee..  TThhee sseeaarrcchh iiss lliitteerraall,, ii..ee.. nnoo cchhaarraacctteerrss iinn
     tthhee  wwoorrdd  hhaavvee aannyy ssppeecciiaall mmeeaanniinngg iinn tteerrmmss ooff RReegguullaarr
     EExxpprreessssiioonnss..  IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff nnoo mmaattcchhiinngg ppaatttteerrnn  iiss
     ffoouunndd  bbeettwweeeenn tthhee ssttaarrttiinngg ppoossiittiioonn aanndd tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee
     ffiillee..

     TThhee <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>> ccoommmmaanndd iiss aann aabbssoolluuttee  mmoovveemmeenntt..   TThhee
     <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>> ccoommmmaanndd mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt
     ooff ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh  ccaassee  aannyy  tteexxtt  ccooppiieedd
     iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set to the line where the word is found.
     Column:  Set to the first character of the word.
     Options: Affected   by   the  iiggnnoorreeccaassee  and  wwrraappssccaann
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>>
     Page backward count ssccrreeeennss..  TTwwoo lliinneess ooff oovveerrllaapp  aarree
     mmaaiinnttaaiinneedd,,  iiff  ppoossssiibbllee,,  bbyy  ddiissppllaayyiinngg  tthhee  wwiinnddooww
     ssttaarrttiinngg aatt lliinnee ((ttoopp__lliinnee -- ccoouunntt ** wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee)) ++  22,
     where  window_size  iiss  tthhee vvaalluuee ooff tthhee wwiinnddooww ooppttiioonn..
     ((IInn tthhee ccaassee ooff sspplliitt ssccrreeeennss,, tthhiiss ssiizzee  iiss  ccoorrrreecctteedd
     ttoo  tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  ssccrreeeenn  ssiizzee..))  IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee
     mmoovveemmeenntt iiss ppaasstt tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff tthhee ffiillee..

     Line:    Set to the last line of text displayed on  the
              screen.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the wwiinnddooww option.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
     Scroll forward count lliinneess..  IIff ccoouunntt is not specified,
     scroll  forward  the  number  of lines specified by the
     last <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> or <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command.   If  this  is
     the  first  <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>  or <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command, scroll
     forward half the number of lines in  the  screen.   (In
     the  case  of split screens, the default scrolling dis-
     tance is corrected to half the  current  screen  size.)
     It  is  an error if the movement is past the end of the
     file.

     Line:    Set to the current line  plus  the  number  of
              lines scrolled.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--EE>>
     Scroll forward count lliinneess,, lleeaavviinngg tthhee ccuurrssoorr  oonn  tthhee
     ccuurrrreenntt  lliinnee  aanndd ccoolluummnn,, iiff ppoossssiibbllee..  IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr
     iiff tthhee mmoovveemmeenntt iiss ppaasstt tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee ffiillee..











UUSSDD::1133--2288                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Line:    Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case it is set to the
              first line on the screen.
     Column:  Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case it is set to the
              most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--FF>>
     Page forward count ssccrreeeennss..  TTwwoo lliinneess ooff  oovveerrllaapp  aarree
     mmaaiinnttaaiinneedd,,  iiff  ppoossssiibbllee,,  bbyy  ddiissppllaayyiinngg  tthhee  wwiinnddooww
     ssttaarrttiinngg aatt lliinnee ttoopp__lliinnee ++ ccoouunntt **  wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee  --  22,
     where  window_size  iiss  tthhee vvaalluuee ooff tthhee wwiinnddooww ooppttiioonn..
     ((IInn tthhee ccaassee ooff sspplliitt ssccrreeeennss,, tthhiiss ssiizzee  iiss  ccoorrrreecctteedd
     ttoo  tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  ssccrreeeenn  ssiizzee..))  IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee
     mmoovveemmeenntt iiss ppaasstt tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee ffiillee..

     Line:    Set to the first line on the screen.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              current line.
     Options: Affected by the wwiinnddooww option.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--GG>>
     Display the file information.  The information includes
     the current pathname, the current line, the  number  of
     total lines in the file, the current line as a percent-
     age of the total lines in the file,  if  the  file  has
     been  modified,  was  able  to be locked, if the file's
     name has been changed, and if the edit session is read-
     only.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>
[[ccoouunntt]] hh
     Move  the  cursor  back count cchhaarraacctteerrss iinn tthhee ccuurrrreenntt
     lliinnee..  IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee ccuurrssoorr  iiss  oonn  tthhee  ffiirrsstt
     cchhaarraacctteerr iinn tthhee lliinnee..

     TThhee  <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>  aanndd  hh  ccoommmmaannddss  mmaayy  bbee uusseedd aass tthhee
     mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,,  iinn  wwhhiicchh  ccaassee
     aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to the current - count character, or, the
              first  character  in  the  line  if  count  is
              greater than or equal to the number of charac-
              ters in the line before the cursor.
     Options: None.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2299


[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--JJ>>
[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--NN>>
[[ccoouunntt]] jj
     Move the cursor down count lliinneess wwiitthhoouutt  cchhaannggiinngg  tthhee
     ccuurrrreenntt ccoolluummnn..  IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee mmoovveemmeenntt iiss ppaasstt
     tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee ffiillee..

     TThhee <<ccoonnttrrooll--JJ>>,, <<ccoonnttrrooll--NN>> aanndd jj ccoommmmaannddss mmaayy bbee uusseedd
     aass  tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh
     ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set to the current line plus count..
     Column:  The most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--LL>>
<<ccoonnttrrooll--RR>>
     Repaint the screen.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>>
[[ccoouunntt]] ++
     Move the cursor down count lliinneess ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt  nnoonnbbllaannkk
     cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhaatt lliinnee..  IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee mmoovveemmeenntt
     iiss ppaasstt tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee ffiillee..

     TThhee <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>> aanndd ++  ccoommmmaannddss  mmaayy  bbee  uusseedd  aass  tthhee
     mmoottiioonn  ccoommppoonneenntt  ooff  ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee
     aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set to the current line plus count..
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--PP>>
[[ccoouunntt]] kk
     Move  the  cursor  up count lliinneess,, wwiitthhoouutt cchhaannggiinngg tthhee
     ccuurrrreenntt ccoolluummnn..  IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee mmoovveemmeenntt iiss ppaasstt
     tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff tthhee ffiillee..

     TThhee  <<ccoonnttrrooll--PP>>  aanndd  kk  ccoommmmaannddss  mmaayy  bbee uusseedd aass tthhee
     mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,,  iinn  wwhhiicchh  ccaassee
     aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set to the current line minus count..
     Column:  The most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.












UUSSDD::1133--3300                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


<<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
     Return to the most recent tag context.  The <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
     command is an absolute movement.

     Line:    Set to the context of the  previous  tag  com-
              mand.
     Column:  Set  to  the  context of the previous tag com-
              mand.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>>
     Scroll backward count lliinneess..  IIff ccoouunntt  is  not  speci-
     fied,  scroll backward the number of lines specified by
     the last <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> or <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command.   If  this
     is the first <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> or <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command, scroll
     backward half the number of lines in the  screen.   (In
     the  case  of split screens, the default scrolling dis-
     tance is corrected to half the  current  screen  size.)
     It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of
     the file.

     Line:    Set to  the  current  line  minus  the  amount
              scrolled.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>>
     Switch to the next lower screen in the window,  or,  to
     the  first  screen if there are no lower screens in the
     window.

     Line:    Set to the previous  cursor  position  in  the
              window.
     Column:  Set  to  the  previous  cursor position in the
              window.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--YY>>
     Scroll backward count lliinneess,, lleeaavviinngg tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  lliinnee
     aanndd  ccoolluummnn  aass iiss,, iiff ppoossssiibbllee..  IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee
     mmoovveemmeenntt iiss ppaasstt tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff tthhee ffiillee..

     Line:    Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case it is set to the
              last line of text displayed on the screen.
     Column:  Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case  it  is the most
              attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--ZZ>>
     Suspend the current editor session.  If  the  file  has










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3311


     been modified since it was last completely written, and
     the aauuttoowwrriittee option is set, the file is written before
     the  editor session is suspended.  If this write fails,
     the editor session is not suspended.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option.

<<eessccaappee>>
     Execute eexx commands or cancel partial commands.  If  an
     eexx  command  is being entered (e.g.  //, ??, :: or !!), the
     command is executed.  If a  partial  command  has  been
     entered,  e.g.  "[0-9]*"",, oorr ""[[00--99]]**[[!!<<>>ccddyy]]", the com-
     mand is cancelled.  Otherwise, it is an error.

     Line:    When an eexx command is being executed, the cur-
              rent  line  is  set as described for that com-
              mand.  Otherwise, unchanged.
     Column:  When an eexx command is being executed, the cur-
              rent  column is set as described for that com-
              mand.  Otherwise, unchanged.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--]]>>
     Push a tag reference onto  the  tag  stack.   The  tags
     files  (see  the  ttaaggss option for more information) are
     searched for a tag matching the current word.  The cur-
     rent  word begins at the first non-whitespace character
     on or after the current cursor position, and extends up
     to  the next non-word character or the end of the line.
     If a matching tag is found, the current  file  is  dis-
     carded  and  the  file  containing the tag reference is
     edited.

     If the current file has been modified since it was last
     completely  written,  the command will fail.  The <<ccoonn--
     ttrrooll--]]>> command is an absolute movement.

     Line:    Set to the line containing  the  matching  tag
              string.
     Column:  Set to the start of the matching tag string.
     Options: Affected by the ttaaggss and ttaagglleennggtthh options.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--^^>>
     Switch to the most recently edited file.

     If  the  file  has been modified since it was last com-
     pletely written, and the aauuttoowwrriittee option is  set,  the
     file  is written out.  If this write fails, the command
     will fail.  Otherwise, if the  current  file  has  been
     modified since it was last completely written, the com-
     mand will fail.










UUSSDD::1133--3322                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Line:    Set to the line the cursor  was  on  when  the
              file was last edited.
     Column:  Set  to  the column the cursor was on when the
              file was last edited.
     Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ssppaaccee>>
[[ccoouunntt]] ll
     Move the cursor forward count cchhaarraacctteerrss wwiitthhoouutt cchhaanngg--
     iinngg  tthhee ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee..  IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee ccuurrssoorr iiss
     oonn tthhee llaasstt cchhaarraacctteerr iinn tthhee lliinnee..

     TThhee <<ssppaaccee>> aanndd ll ccoommmmaannddss mmaayy bbee uusseedd  aass  tthhee  mmoottiioonn
     ccoommppoonneenntt  ooff ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt
     ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..   IInn  aaddddii--
     ttiioonn,,  tthheessee  ccoommmmaannddss mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoo--
     nneennttss ooff ootthheerr ccoommmmaannddss wwhheenn tthhee ccuurrssoorr iiss oonn tthhee  llaasstt
     cchhaarraacctteerr iinn tthhee lliinnee,, wwiitthhoouutt eerrrroorr..

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  current  character plus the next
              count characters, or to the last character  on
              the  line  if count is greater than the number
              of characters in the line  after  the  current
              character.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] !! mmoottiioonn sshheellll--aarrgguummeenntt((ss))<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
     Replace  text  with results from a shell command.  Pass
     the lines specified by the count aanndd  mmoottiioonn  arguments
     as  standard  input  to  the program named by the sshheellll
     option, and replace those lines with the  output  (both
     standard error and standard output) of that command.

     After  the  motion is entered, vvii prompts for arguments
     to the shell command.

     Within those arguments,  "%""  aanndd  ""##"  characters  are
     expanded   to  the  current  and  alternate  pathnames,
     respectively.  The "!""  cchhaarraacctteerr iiss eexxppaannddeedd wwiitthh  tthhee
     ccoommmmaanndd  tteexxtt  ooff  tthhee  pprreevviioouuss  !!   oorr  ::!!  ccoommmmaannddss..
     ((TThheerreeffoorree,, tthhee ccoommmmaanndd !!<<mmoottiioonn>>!!  rreeppeeaattss tthhee  pprreevvii--
     oouuss  !!  ccoommmmaanndd..))  TThhee ssppeecciiaall mmeeaanniinnggss ooff ""%%"",, ""##"" aanndd
     ""!!""  ccaann bbee oovveerrrriiddddeenn bbyy eessccaappiinngg tthheemm  wwiitthh  aa  bbaacckk--
     ssllaasshh..   IIff nnoo !!  oorr ::!!  ccoommmmaanndd hhaass yyeett bbeeeenn eexxeeccuutteedd,,
     iitt iiss aann eerrrroorr ttoo uussee aann uunneessccaappeedd ""!!""  cchhaarraacctteerr aass  aa
     sshheellll  aarrgguummeenntt..   TThhee  !!   ccoommmmaanndd  ddooeess  _n_o_t ddoo sshheellll
     eexxppaannssiioonn oonn tthhee ssttrriinnggss pprroovviiddeedd aass aarrgguummeennttss..  IIff aannyy
     ooff  tthhee  aabboovvee eexxppaannssiioonnss cchhaannggee tthhee aarrgguummeennttss tthhee uusseerr
     eenntteerreedd,, tthhee ccoommmmaanndd iiss rreeddiissppllaayyeedd aatt  tthhee  bboottttoomm  ooff
     tthhee ssccrreeeenn..

     VVii tthheenn eexxeeccuutteess tthhee pprrooggrraamm nnaammeedd bbyy tthhee sshheellll ooppttiioonn,,










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3333


     wwiitthh aa --cc ffllaagg ffoolllloowweedd bbyy  tthhee  aarrgguummeennttss  ((wwhhiicchh  aarree
     bbuunnddlleedd iinnttoo aa ssiinnggllee aarrgguummeenntt))..

     TThhee !!  ccoommmmaanndd iiss ppeerrmmiitttteedd iinn aann eemmppttyy ffiillee..

     IIff  tthhee  ffiillee  hhaass bbeeeenn mmooddiiffiieedd ssiinnccee iitt wwaass llaasstt ccoomm--
     pplleetteellyy wwrriitttteenn,, tthhee !!  ccoommmmaanndd wwiillll wwaarrnn yyoouu..

     Line:    The first line of the replaced text.
     Column:  The first column of the replaced text.
     Options: Affected by the sshheellll option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ## ##||++||--
     Increment or decrement the  number  referenced  by  the
     cursor.   If  the  trailing  character is a + oorr ##, the
     number is incremented by count..  IIff tthhee ttrraaiilliinngg  cchhaarr--
     aacctteerr iiss aa --, the number is decremented by count..

     AA  lleeaaddiinngg  ""00XX" or "0x"" ccaauusseess tthhee nnuummbbeerr ttoo bbee iinntteerr--
     pprreetteedd aass aa hheexxaaddeecciimmaall nnuummbbeerr..  OOtthheerrwwiissee,,  aa  lleeaaddiinngg
     ""00"  causes  the  number  to be interpreted as an octal
     number, unless a non-octal digit is found  as  part  of
     the  number.  Otherwise, the number is interpreted as a
     decimal number, and may have a leading  +  oorr  --  sign.
     The  current number begins at the first non-blank char-
     acter at or after  the  current  cursor  position,  and
     extends  up to the end of the line or the first charac-
     ter that isn't a possible  character  for  the  numeric
     type.   The  format  of  the  number (e.g. leading 0's,
     signs) is retained unless the new value cannot be  rep-
     resented in the previous format.

     Octal  and  hexadecimal  numbers, and the result of the
     operation, must fit into  an  "unsigned  long""..   SSiimmii--
     llaarrllyy,, ddeecciimmaall nnuummbbeerrss aanndd tthheeiirr rreessuulltt mmuusstt ffiitt iinnttoo aa
     ""ssiiggnneedd lloonngg".  It is an error to use this command when
     the cursor is not positioned at a number.


     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to the first character in the cursor num-
              ber.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] $$
     Move the cursor to the end of  a  line.   If  count  iiss
     ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee ccuurrssoorr mmoovveess ddoowwnn ccoouunntt -- 11 lines.

     It is not an error to use the $$ command when the cursor
     is on the last character in the line or when  the  line
     is empty.

     The  $$  command  may be used as the motion component of










UUSSDD::1133--3344                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer  is character oriented, unless the cursor is at,
     or before the first nonblank character in the line,  in
     which  case it is line oriented.  It is not an error to
     use the $$ command as a motion component when the cursor
     is on the last character in the line, although it is an
     error when the line is empty.

     Line:    Set to the current line plus count minus 1.
     Column:  Set to the last character in the line.
     Options: None.

%%
     Move to the matching character.  The  cursor  moves  to
     the parenthesis or curly brace which _m_a_t_c_h_e_s the paren-
     thesis or curly brace found at the current cursor posi-
     tion  or  which  is the closest one to the right of the
     cursor on the line.  It is an error to  execute  the  %%
     command on a line without a parenthesis or curly brace.
     Historically, any count ssppeecciiffiieedd ttoo tthhee %% ccoommmmaanndd  wwaass
     iiggnnoorreedd..

     TThhee  %%  ccoommmmaanndd iiss aann aabbssoolluuttee mmoovveemmeenntt..  TThhee %% ccoommmmaanndd
     mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff  ootthheerr  vvii  ccoomm--
     mmaannddss,,  iinn  wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss
     cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd,, uunnlleessss tthhee ssttaarrttiinngg  ppooiinntt  ooff  tthhee
     rreeggiioonn  iiss aatt oorr bbeeffoorree tthhee ffiirrsstt nnoonnbbllaannkk cchhaarraacctteerr oonn
     iittss lliinnee,, aanndd tthhee eennddiinngg ppooiinntt iiss aatt oorr aafftteerr tthhee  llaasstt
     nnoonnbbllaannkk  cchhaarraacctteerr  oonn  iittss  lliinnee,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee iitt iiss
     lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set to the line containing the matching  char-
              acter.
     Column:  Set to the matching character.
     Options: None.

&&
     Repeat the previous substitution command on the current
     line.

     Historically, any count ssppeecciiffiieedd ttoo tthhee && ccoommmmaanndd  wwaass
     iiggnnoorreedd..

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged  if the cursor was on the last char-
              acter in the line, otherwise, set to the first
              nonblank character in the line.
     Options: Affected   by   the   eeddccoommppaattiibbllee,  eexxtteennddeedd,
              iiggnnoorreeccaassee and mmaaggiicc options.

''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Return  to  a   context   marked   by   the   character










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3355


     <character>..   IIff <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> is the "'"" oorr ""``" charac-
     ter, return to the previous context.  If <character> iiss
     aannyy  ootthheerr  cchhaarraacctteerr,,  rreettuurrnn ttoo tthhee ccoonntteexxtt mmaarrkkeedd bbyy
     tthhaatt cchhaarraacctteerr ((sseeee tthhee mm  ccoommmmaanndd  ffoorr  mmoorree  iinnffoorrmmaa--
     ttiioonn))..   IIff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd iiss tthhee '' ccoommmmaanndd,, oonnllyy tthhee lliinnee
     vvaalluuee iiss rreessttoorreedd,, aanndd tthhee  ccuurrssoorr  iiss  ppllaacceedd  oonn  tthhee
     ffiirrsstt  nnoonnbbllaannkk cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhaatt lliinnee..  IIff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd
     iiss tthhee `` ccoommmmaanndd,, bbootthh tthhee lliinnee aanndd ccoolluummnn  vvaalluueess  aarree
     rreessttoorreedd..

     IItt  iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee ccoonntteexxtt nnoo lloonnggeerr eexxiissttss bbeeccaauussee
     ooff lliinnee ddeelleettiioonn..   ((CCoonntteexxttss  ffoollllooww  lliinneess  tthhaatt  aarree
     mmoovveedd,, oorr wwhhiicchh aarree ddeelleetteedd aanndd tthheenn rreessttoorreedd..))

     TThhee '' aanndd `` ccoommmmaannddss aarree bbootthh aabbssoolluuttee mmoovveemmeennttss..  TThheeyy
     mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass aa mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt  ffoorr  ootthheerr  vvii  ccoomm--
     mmaannddss..   FFoorr  tthhee  ''  ccoommmmaanndd,,  aannyy  tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa
     bbuuffffeerr iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..  FFoorr tthhee `` ccoommmmaanndd,,  aannyy  tteexxtt
     ccooppiieedd  iinnttoo  aa bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd,, uunnlleessss iitt
     bbootthh ssttaarrttss aanndd ssttooppss aatt tthhee  ffiirrsstt  cchhaarraacctteerr  iinn  tthhee
     lliinnee,,  iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee iitt iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..  IInn aaddddiittiioonn,,
     wwhheenn uussiinngg tthhee `` ccoommmmaanndd aass aa  mmoottiioonn  ccoommppoonneenntt,,  ccoomm--
     mmaannddss  wwhhiicchh  mmoovvee  bbaacckkwwaarrdd  aanndd  ssttaarrtteedd aatt tthhee ffiirrsstt
     cchhaarraacctteerr iinn tthhee lliinnee,, oorr mmoovvee ffoorrwwaarrdd aanndd eennddeedd aatt tthhee
     ffiirrsstt  cchhaarraacctteerr iinn tthhee lliinnee,, aarree ccoorrrreecctteedd ttoo tthhee llaasstt
     cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee lliinnee pprreecceeddiinngg tthhee ssttaarrttiinngg aanndd eennddiinngg
     lliinneess,, rreessppeeccttiivveellyy..

     Line:    Set to the line from the context.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line, for the '' command, and set to  the  con-
              text's column for the `` command.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ((
     Back up count sseenntteenncceess..

     TThhee  ((  ccoommmmaanndd iiss aann aabbssoolluuttee mmoovveemmeenntt..  TThhee (( ccoommmmaanndd
     mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff  ootthheerr  vvii  ccoomm--
     mmaannddss,,  iinn  wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss
     cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd,, uunnlleessss tthhee  ssttaarrttiinngg  aanndd  ssttooppppiinngg
     ppooiinnttss  ooff  tthhee  rreeggiioonn  aarree tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr iinn tthhee
     lliinnee,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee iitt iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..  IIff iitt iiss lliinnee
     oorriieenntteedd,,  tthhee ssttaarrttiinngg ppooiinntt ooff tthhee rreeggiioonn iiss aaddjjuusstteedd
     ttoo bbee tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee lliinnee iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy bbeeffoorree tthhee ssttaarrtt--
     iinngg ccuurrssoorr ppoossiittiioonn..

     Line:    Set  to  the  line containing the beginning of
              the sentence.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              sentence.
     Options: Affected by the lliisspp option.











UUSSDD::1133--3366                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


[[ccoouunntt]] ))
     Move forward count sseenntteenncceess..

     TThhee  ))  ccoommmmaanndd iiss aann aabbssoolluuttee mmoovveemmeenntt..  TThhee )) ccoommmmaanndd
     mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff  ootthheerr  vvii  ccoomm--
     mmaannddss,,  iinn  wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss
     cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd,, uunnlleessss tthhee ssttaarrttiinngg  ppooiinntt  ooff  tthhee
     rreeggiioonn  iiss  tthhee  ffiirrsstt  cchhaarraacctteerr iinn tthhee lliinnee,, iinn wwhhiicchh
     ccaassee iitt iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..  IInn tthhee llaatttteerr ccaassee,,  iiff  tthhee
     ssttooppppiinngg  ppooiinntt ooff tthhee rreeggiioonn iiss aallssoo tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr iinn tthhee lliinnee,, iitt iiss aaddjjuusstteedd ttoo bbee tthhee  eenndd  ooff  tthhee
     lliinnee iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy bbeeffoorree iitt..

     Line:    Set  to  the  line containing the beginning of
              the sentence.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              sentence.
     Options: Affected by the lliisspp option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ,,
     Reverse  find  character count ttiimmeess..  RReevveerrssee tthhee llaasstt
     FF,, ff,, TT oorr tt ccoommmmaanndd,, sseeaarrcchhiinngg tthhee ootthheerr  wwaayy  iinn  tthhee
     lliinnee,,  ccoouunntt  ttiimmeess..   IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff aa FF,, ff,, TT oorr tt
     ccoommmmaanndd hhaass nnoott bbeeeenn ppeerrffoorrmmeedd yyeett..

     TThhee ,, ccoommmmaanndd mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee  mmoottiioonn  ccoommppoonneenntt  ooff
     ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa
     bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character  for  the  FF
              and ff commands, before the character for the tt
              command and after the character for the TT com-
              mand.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] --
     Move  to the first nonblank of the previous line, count
     ttiimmeess..

     IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee mmoovveemmeenntt iiss ppaasstt tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff
     tthhee ffiillee..

     TThhee  --  ccoommmmaanndd  mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff
     ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa
     bbuuffffeerr iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set to the current line minus count..
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: None.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3377


[[ccoouunntt]] ..
     Repeat the last vvii command  that  modified  text.   The
     repeated  command may be a command and motion component
     combination.  If count iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,, iitt  rreeppllaacceess  _b_o_t_h
     tthhee  ccoouunntt  ssppeecciiffiieedd ffoorr tthhee rreeppeeaatteedd ccoommmmaanndd,, aanndd,, iiff
     aapppplliiccaabbllee,, ffoorr  tthhee  rreeppeeaatteedd  mmoottiioonn  ccoommppoonneenntt..   IIff
     ccoouunntt _i_s _n_o_t _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_e_d_, _t_h_e _c_o_u_n_t_s _o_r_i_g_i_n_a_l_l_y _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_e_d
     _t_o _t_h_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _b_e_i_n_g _r_e_p_e_a_t_e_d _a_r_e _u_s_e_d _a_g_a_i_n_.

     _A_s _a _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _c_a_s_e_, _i_f _t_h_e ..  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_s _e_x_e_c_u_t_e_d  _i_m_m_e_-
     _d_i_a_t_e_l_y  _a_f_t_e_r  _t_h_e uu _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_, _t_h_e _c_h_a_n_g_e _l_o_g _i_s _r_o_l_l_e_d
     _f_o_r_w_a_r_d _o_r _b_a_c_k_w_a_r_d_, _d_e_p_e_n_d_i_n_g _o_n _t_h_e _a_c_t_i_o_n _o_f  _t_h_e  uu
     _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_.

     Line:    Set as described for the repeated command.
     Column:  Set as described for the repeated command.
     Options: None.

//RREE<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
//RREE// [[ooffffsseett]]<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
??RREE<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
??RREE?? [[ooffffsseett]]<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
NN
nn
     Search  forward  or  backward for a regular expression.
     The commands beginning with a slash ("/"")) cchhaarraacctteerr aarree
     ffoorrwwaarrdd  sseeaarrcchheess,,  tthhee ccoommmmaannddss bbeeggiinnnniinngg wwiitthh aa qquueess--
     ttiioonn mmaarrkk ((""??")  are  backward  searches.   VVii  prompts
     with  the  leading  character  on  the last line of the
     screen for a string.  It then searches forward or back-
     ward in the file for the next occurrence of the string,
     which is interpreted as a Basic Regular Expression.

     The // and ??  commands are absolute movements.  They may
     be  used as the motion components of other vvii commands,
     in which case any text copied into a buffer is  charac-
     ter  oriented,  unless  the search started and ended on
     the first column of a line, in which case  it  is  line
     oriented.   In addition, forward searches ending at the
     first character of a line, and backward searches begin-
     ning  at the first character in the line, are corrected
     to begin or end at the last character of  the  previous
     line.   (Note,  forward and backward searches can occur
     for both // and ??  commands, if the wwrraappssccaann  option  is
     set.)

     If an offset from the matched line is specified (i.e. a
     trailing "/"" oorr ""??"  character is followed by a  signed
     offset),  the buffer will always be line oriented (e.g.
     "/string/+0"" wwiillll aallwwaayyss gguuaarraanntteeee aa lliinnee oorriieennttaattiioonn))..

     TThhee  NN  ccoommmmaanndd rreeppeeaattss tthhee pprreevviioouuss sseeaarrcchh,, bbuutt iinn tthhee
     rreevveerrssee ddiirreeccttiioonn..  TThhee nn ccoommmmaanndd rreeppeeaattss tthhee  pprreevviioouuss










UUSSDD::1133--3388                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     sseeaarrcchh..   IIff  eeiitthheerr  tthhee  NN  oorr nn ccoommmmaannddss aarree uusseedd aass
     mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneennttss ffoorr tthhee !!  ccoommmmaanndd,, yyoouu wwiillll  nnoott  bbee
     pprroommpptteedd  ffoorr tthhee tteexxtt ooff tthhee bbaanngg ccoommmmaanndd,, iinnsstteeaadd tthhee
     pprreevviioouuss bbaanngg ccoommmmaanndd wwiillll bbee eexxeeccuutteedd..

     MMiissssiinngg RREE''ss ((ee..gg..  ""////<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>"",, ""//<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--
     rreettuurrnn>>"",,    ""????<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>"",,   oorr   ""??<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--
     rreettuurrnn>>"" sseeaarrcchh ffoorr tthhee llaasstt sseeaarrcchh RREE,,  iinn  tthhee  iinnddii--
     ccaatteedd ddiirreeccttiioonn..

     SSeeaarrcchheess mmaayy bbee iinntteerrrruupptteedd uussiinngg tthhee <<iinntteerrrruupptt>> cchhaarr--
     aacctteerr..

     MMuullttiippllee sseeaarrcchh ppaatttteerrnnss mmaayy  bbee  ggrroouuppeedd  ttooggeetthheerr  bbyy
     ddeelliimmiittiinngg  tthheemm  wwiitthh  sseemmiiccoolloonnss  aanndd  zzeerroo  oorr  mmoorree
     wwhhiitteessppaaccee cchhaarraacctteerrss,, ee..gg..  //ffoooo//  ;;  ??bbaarr??   sseeaarrcchheess
     ffoorrwwaarrdd ffoorr ffoooo aanndd tthheenn,, ffrroomm tthhaatt llooccaattiioonn,, bbaacckkwwaarrddss
     ffoorr bbaarr..  WWhheenn sseeaarrcchh ppaatttteerrnnss aarree ggrroouuppeedd ttooggeetthheerr  iinn
     tthhiiss  mmaannnneerr,, tthhee sseeaarrcchh ppaatttteerrnnss aarree eevvaalluuaatteedd lleefftt ttoo
     rriigghhtt wwiitthh tthhee ffiinnaall ccuurrssoorr ppoossiittiioonn ddeetteerrmmiinneedd bbyy  tthhee
     llaasstt sseeaarrcchh ppaatttteerrnn..

     IItt  iiss  aallssoo  ppeerrmmiissssiibbllee  ttoo aappppeenndd aa zz ccoommmmaanndd ttoo tthhee
     sseeaarrcchh ssttrriinnggss,, ee..gg..  //ffoooo// zz..   sseeaarrcchheess  ffoorrwwaarrdd  ffoorr
     tthhee  nneexxtt  ooccccuurrrreennccee  ooff  ffoooo,, aanndd tthheenn ppoossiittiioonnss tthhaatt
     lliinnee iinn tthhee mmiiddddllee ooff ssccrreeeenn..

     Line:    Set to the line in which the match occurred.
     Column:  Set to the  first  character  of  the  matched
              string.
     Options: Affected   by   the   eeddccoommppaattiibbllee,  eexxtteennddeedd,
              iiggnnoorreeccaassee, mmaaggiicc, and wwrraappssccaann options.

00
     Move to the first character in the current line.  It is
     not an error to use the 00 command when the cursor is on
     the first character in the line,

     The 00 command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other  vvii commands, in which case it is an error if the
     cursor is on the first character in the line,  and  any
     text copied into a buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first character in the line.
     Options: None.

::
     Execute an eexx command.  VVii prompts for an eexx command on
     the last line of the screen, using a colon (":""))  cchhaarr--
     aacctteerr..   TThhee  ccoommmmaanndd  iiss  tteerrmmiinnaatteedd  bbyy  aa <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--
     rreettuurrnn>>, <newline> oorr <<eessccaappee>> character; all of  these
     characters  may  be  escaped  by using a <literal-next>










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3399


     cchhaarraacctteerr..  TThhee ccoommmmaanndd iiss tthheenn eexxeeccuutteedd..

     IIff tthhee eexx ccoommmmaanndd wwrriitteess ttoo tthhee ssccrreeeenn,, vvii wwiillll  pprroommpptt
     tthhee uusseerr ffoorr aa <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>> bbeeffoorree ccoonnttiinnuuiinngg wwhheenn
     tthhee eexx ccoommmmaanndd ffiinniisshheess..  LLaarrggee aammoouunnttss ooff oouuttppuutt  ffrroomm
     tthhee eexx ccoommmmaanndd wwiillll bbee ppaaggeedd ffoorr tthhee uusseerr,, aanndd tthhee uusseerr
     pprroommpptteedd ffoorr aa <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>> oorr <<ssppaaccee>> kkeeyy ttoo ccoonn--
     ttiinnuuee..   IInn  ssoommee ccaasseess,, aa qquuiitt ((nnoorrmmaallllyy aa ""qq"" cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr)) oorr <<iinntteerrrruupptt>> mmaayy bbee eenntteerreedd ttoo iinntteerrrruupptt tthhee  eexx
     ccoommmmaanndd..

     WWhheenn  tthhee eexx ccoommmmaanndd ffiinniisshheess,, aanndd tthhee uusseerr iiss pprroommpptteedd
     ttoo rreessuummee vviissuuaall mmooddee,, iitt iiss  aallssoo  ppoossssiibbllee  ttoo  eenntteerr
     aannootthheerr ""::"" cchhaarraacctteerr ffoolllloowweedd bbyy aannootthheerr eexx ccoommmmaanndd..

     Line:    The  current  line is set as described for the
              eexx command.
     Column:  The current column is set as described for the
              eexx command.
     Options: Affected as described for the eexx command.

[[ccoouunntt]] ;;
     Repeat  the  last character find count ttiimmeess..  TThhee llaasstt
     cchhaarraacctteerr ffiinndd iiss oonnee ooff tthhee FF,, ff,, TT oorr tt ccoommmmaannddss..  IItt
     iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff aa FF,, ff,, TT oorr tt ccoommmmaanndd hhaass nnoott bbeeeenn ppeerr--
     ffoorrmmeedd yyeett..

     TThhee ;; ccoommmmaanndd mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee  mmoottiioonn  ccoommppoonneenntt  ooff
     ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa
     bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character  for  the  FF
              and ff commands, before the character for the tt
              command and after the character for the TT com-
              mand.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] << mmoottiioonn
[[ccoouunntt]] >> mmoottiioonn
     Shift  lines  left or right.  Shift the number of lines
     in the region specified by the count  aanndd  mmoottiioonn  left
     (for the << command) or right (for the >> command) by the
     number of columns specified by the  sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh  option.
     Only  whitespace  characters  are deleted when shifting
     left.  Once the first character in the line  no  longer
     contains  a whitespace character, the command will suc-
     ceed, but the line will not be modified.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.











UUSSDD::1133--4400                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Options: Affected by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.

@@ bbuuffffeerr
     Execute a named buffer.  Execute the named buffer as vvii
     commands.  The buffer may include eexx commands, too, but
     they  must  be expressed as a :: command.  If the buffer
     is line oriented, <newline>  cchhaarraacctteerrss  aarree  llooggiiccaallllyy
     aappppeennddeedd  ttoo eeaacchh lliinnee ooff tthhee bbuuffffeerr..  IIff tthhee bbuuffffeerr iiss
     cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd,, <<nneewwlliinnee>> characters are  logically
     appended to all but the last line in the buffer.

     If the buffer name is "@"",, oorr ""**", then the last buffer
     executed shall be used.  It is an error to specify "@@""
     oorr  ""@@**"  if  there were no previous buffer executions.
     The text of a buffer may contain a @@ command, and it is
     possible to create infinite loops in this manner.  (The
     <interrupt> cchhaarraacctteerr mmaayy  bbee  uusseedd  ttoo  iinntteerrrruupptt  tthhee
     lloooopp..))

     Line:    The  current  line is set as described for the
              command(s).
     Column:  The current column is set as described for the
              command(s).
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] AA
     Enter  input  mode, appending the text after the end of
     the line.  If count iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee tteexxtt  iiss  rreeppeeaatt--
     eeddllyy  iinnppuutt  ccoouunntt  --  11 more times after input mode is
     exited.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] BB
     Move backward count bbiiggwwoorrddss..  MMoovvee tthhee ccuurrssoorr bbaacckkwwaarrdd
     ttoo tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff aa bbiiggwwoorrdd bbyy rreeppeeaattiinngg tthhee  ffoollllooww--
     iinngg aallggoorriitthhmm:: iiff tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppoossiittiioonn iiss aatt tthhee bbeeggiinn--
     nniinngg ooff aa bbiiggwwoorrdd oorr tthhee cchhaarraacctteerr aatt tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppoossii--
     ttiioonn  ccaannnnoott  bbee  ppaarrtt  ooff aa bbiiggwwoorrdd,, mmoovvee ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt
     cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee pprreecceeddiinngg bbiiggwwoorrdd..  OOtthheerrwwiissee,, mmoovvee ttoo
     tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee bbiiggwwoorrdd aatt tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppoossii--
     ttiioonn..  IIff nnoo pprreecceeddiinngg bbiiggwwoorrdd eexxiissttss  oonn  tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt
     lliinnee,,  mmoovvee  ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee llaasstt bbiiggwwoorrdd
     oonn tthhee ffiirrsstt pprreecceeddiinngg lliinnee tthhaatt ccoonnttaaiinnss aa bbiiggwwoorrdd..

     TThhee BB ccoommmmaanndd mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee  mmoottiioonn  ccoommppoonneenntt  ooff
     ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa
     bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4411


     Line:    Set to the line containing the word  selected.
     Column:  Set   to  the  first  character  of  the  word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] CC
     Change text from the current position  to  the  end-of-
     line.   If  count iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee iinnppuutt tteexxtt rreeppllaacceess
     ffrroomm tthhee ccuurrrreenntt  ppoossiittiioonn  ttoo  tthhee  eenndd--ooff--lliinnee,,  pplluuss
     ccoouunntt -- 11 subsequent lines.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] DD
     Delete text from the current position  to  the  end-of-
     line.

     It is not an error to execute the DD command on an empty
     line.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the character before the current  char-
              acter,  or, column 1 if the cursor was on col-
              umn 1.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] EE
     Move forward count eenndd--ooff--bbiiggwwoorrddss..   MMoovvee  tthhee  ccuurrssoorr
     ffoorrwwaarrdd  ttoo  tthhee eenndd ooff aa bbiiggwwoorrdd bbyy rreeppeeaattiinngg tthhee ffooll--
     lloowwiinngg aallggoorriitthhmm:: iiff tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppoossiittiioonn iiss tthhee eenndd ooff
     aa  bbiiggwwoorrdd  oorr tthhee cchhaarraacctteerr aatt tthhaatt ppoossiittiioonn ccaannnnoott bbee
     ppaarrtt ooff aa bbiiggwwoorrdd,, mmoovvee ttoo tthhee llaasstt  cchhaarraacctteerr  ooff  tthhee
     ffoolllloowwiinngg bbiiggwwoorrdd..  OOtthheerrwwiissee,, mmoovvee ttoo tthhee llaasstt cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr ooff tthhee bbiiggwwoorrdd aatt tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppoossiittiioonn..  IIff nnoo ssuucc--
     cceeeeddiinngg bbiiggwwoorrdd eexxiissttss oonn tthhee ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee,, mmoovvee ttoo tthhee
     llaasstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee ffiirrsstt bbiiggwwoorrdd oonn tthhee nneexxtt ffoollllooww--
     iinngg lliinnee tthhaatt ccoonnttaaiinnss aa bbiiggwwoorrdd..

     TThhee  EE  ccoommmmaanndd  mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff
     ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa
     bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set  to the line containing the word selected.
     Column:  Set  to  the  last  character  of   the   word
              selected.
     Options: None.












UUSSDD::1133--4422                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


[[ccoouunntt]] FF <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search  count  ttiimmeess  bbaacckkwwaarrdd tthhrroouugghh tthhee ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee
     ffoorr <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.

     The FF command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] GG
     Move to line count,, oorr tthhee llaasstt lliinnee  ooff  tthhee  ffiillee  iiff
     ccoouunntt not specified.

     The  GG  command is an absolute movement.  The GG command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vvii  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set to count,  if  specified,  otherwise,  the
              last line.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] HH
     Move to the screen line count - 1 lliinneess bbeellooww  tthhee  ttoopp
     ooff tthhee ssccrreeeenn..

     TThhee  HH  ccoommmmaanndd iiss aann aabbssoolluuttee mmoovveemmeenntt..  TThhee HH ccoommmmaanndd
     mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff  ootthheerr  vvii  ccoomm--
     mmaannddss,,  iinn  wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss
     lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set to the line count - 1 lliinneess bbeellooww tthhee  ttoopp
              ooff tthhee ssccrreeeenn..
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              _s_c_r_e_e_n line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] II
     Enter input mode, inserting the text at  the  beginning
     of  the line.  If count iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee tteexxtt iinnppuutt iiss
     rreeppeeaatteeddllyy iinnppuutt ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: None.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4433


[[ccoouunntt]] JJ
     Join  lines.   If  count  iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,, ccoouunntt lines are
     joined; a minimum  of  two  lines  are  always  joined,
     regardless of the value of count..

     IIff  tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee eennddss wwiitthh aa wwhhiitteessppaaccee cchhaarraacctteerr,,
     aallll wwhhiitteessppaaccee iiss ssttrriippppeedd ffrroomm tthhee nneexxtt lliinnee..   OOtthheerr--
     wwiissee,,  iiff  tthhee nneexxtt lliinnee ssttaarrttss wwiitthh aa ooppeenn ppaarreenntthheessiiss
     ((""((") do nothing.  Otherwise, if the current line  ends
     with  a  question mark ("?"")),, ppeerriioodd ((""..")  or exclama-
     tion point ("!"")),, iinnsseerrtt ttwwoo ssppaacceess..  OOtthheerrwwiissee,, iinnsseerrtt
     aa ssiinnggllee ssppaaccee..

     IItt  iiss  nnoott  aann eerrrroorr ttoo jjooiinn lliinneess ppaasstt tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee
     ffiillee,, ii..ee.. lliinneess tthhaatt ddoo nnoott eexxiisstt..

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the character after the last  character
              of the next-to-last joined line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] LL
     Move  to the screen line count - 1 lliinneess aabboovvee tthhee bboott--
     ttoomm ooff tthhee ssccrreeeenn..

     TThhee LL ccoommmmaanndd iiss aann aabbssoolluuttee mmoovveemmeenntt..  TThhee  LL  ccoommmmaanndd
     mmaayy  bbee  uusseedd  aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff ootthheerr vvii ccoomm--
     mmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa  bbuuffffeerr  iiss
     lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set to the line count - 1 lliinneess aabboovvee tthhee bboott--
              ttoomm ooff tthhee ssccrreeeenn..
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              _s_c_r_e_e_n line.
     Options: None.

 MM
     Move to the screen line in the middle of the screen.

     The  MM  command is an absolute movement.  The MM command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vvii  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     line oriented.

     Historically, any count ssppeecciiffiieedd ttoo tthhee MM ccoommmmaanndd  wwaass
     iiggnnoorreedd..

     Line:    Set to the line in the middle of the screen.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              _s_c_r_e_e_n line.
     Options: None.












UUSSDD::1133--4444                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


[[ccoouunntt]] OO
     Enter input mode, appending text in a  new  line  above
     the  current  line.   If  count  iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee tteexxtt
     iinnppuutt iiss rreeppeeaatteeddllyy iinnppuutt ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Historically, any count ssppeecciiffiieedd ttoo tthhee OO ccoommmmaanndd  wwaass
     iiggnnoorreedd..

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] PP
     Insert text from a buffer.  Text from the  buffer  (the
     unnamed  buffer by default) is inserted before the cur-
     rent column or, if the buffer is line oriented,  before
     the current line.

     Line:    Set to the lowest numbered line insert, if the
              buffer is line oriented, otherwise  unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              appended text, if the buffer is line oriented,
              otherwise,  the last character of the appended
              text.
     Options: None.

QQ
     Exit vvii (or visual) mode and switch to eexx mode.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  No longer relevant.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] RR
     Enter input mode, replacing the characters in the  cur-
     rent  line.   If  count iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee tteexxtt iinnppuutt iiss
     rreeppeeaatteeddllyy iinnppuutt ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     If the end of the current  line  is  reached,  no  more
     characters  are  replaced  and  any  further characters
     input are appended to the line.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4455


[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] SS
     Substitute count lliinneess..

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] TT <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search backward, count ttiimmeess,, tthhrroouugghh tthhee ccuurrrreenntt  lliinnee
     ffoorr tthhee cchhaarraacctteerr _a_f_t_e_r tthhee ssppeecciiffiieedd <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>_.

     _T_h_e  TT  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d  _m_a_y _b_e _u_s_e_d _a_s _t_h_e _m_o_t_i_o_n _c_o_m_p_o_n_e_n_t _o_f
     _o_t_h_e_r vvii _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s_, _i_n _w_h_i_c_h _c_a_s_e _a_n_y _t_e_x_t _c_o_p_i_e_d _i_n_t_o _a
     _b_u_f_f_e_r _i_s _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _o_r_i_e_n_t_e_d_.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  character _a_f_t_e_r the searched-for
              character.
     Options: None.

UU
     Restore the current line to its state before the cursor
     last moved to it.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  The first character in the line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] WW
     Move  forward  count bbiiggwwoorrddss..  MMoovvee tthhee ccuurrssoorr ffoorrwwaarrdd
     ttoo tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff aa bbiiggwwoorrdd bbyy rreeppeeaattiinngg tthhee  ffoollllooww--
     iinngg aallggoorriitthhmm:: iiff tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppoossiittiioonn iiss wwiitthhiinn aa bbiigg--
     wwoorrdd oorr tthhee cchhaarraacctteerr aatt tthhaatt ppoossiittiioonn ccaannnnoott  bbee  ppaarrtt
     ooff  aa  bbiiggwwoorrdd,, mmoovvee ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee nneexxtt
     bbiiggwwoorrdd..  IIff nnoo ssuubbsseeqquueenntt bbiiggwwoorrdd eexxiissttss oonn  tthhee  ccuurr--
     rreenntt  lliinnee,,  mmoovvee  ttoo  tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee ffiirrsstt
     bbiiggwwoorrdd oonn tthhee ffiirrsstt ffoolllloowwiinngg  lliinnee  tthhaatt  ccoonnttaaiinnss  aa
     bbiiggwwoorrdd..

     TThhee  WW  ccoommmmaanndd  mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff
     ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa
     bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    The line containing the word selected.
     Column:  The first character of the word selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] XX
     Delete count cchhaarraacctteerrss bbeeffoorree tthhee ccuurrssoorr..  IIff tthhee nnuumm--
     bbeerr ooff cchhaarraacctteerrss ttoo bbee  ddeelleetteedd  iiss  ggrreeaatteerr  tthhaann  oorr










UUSSDD::1133--4466                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     eeqquuaall  ttoo  tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff cchhaarraacctteerrss ttoo tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff
     tthhee lliinnee,, aallll ooff tthhee cchhaarraacctteerrss bbeeffoorree tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ccuurr--
     ssoorr  ppoossiittiioonn,,  ttoo  tthhee  bbeeggiinnnniinngg  ooff  tthhee  lliinnee,,  aarree
     ddeelleetteedd..

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the current character minus  count,  or
              the  first  character if count is greater than
              the number of characters in  the  line  before
              the cursor.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] YY
     Copy (or "yank") count lliinneess iinnttoo tthhee ssppeecciiffiieedd bbuuffffeerr..

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

ZZZZ
     Write the file and exit vvii.  The file is  only  written
     if  it  has been modified since the last complete write
     of the file to any file.

     The ZZZZ command will exit the editor after  writing  the
     file,  if there are no further files to edit.  Entering
     two "quit" commands (i.e.  wwqq, qquuiitt, xxiitt or  ZZZZ)  in  a
     row  will override this check and the editor will exit,
     ignoring any files that have not yet been edited.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] [[[[
     Back up count sseeccttiioonn bboouunnddaarriieess..

     TThhee [[[[ ccoommmmaanndd iiss aann aabbssoolluuttee mmoovveemmeenntt..  TThhee [[[[ ccoommmmaanndd
     mmaayy  bbee  uusseedd  aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff ootthheerr vvii ccoomm--
     mmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa  bbuuffffeerr  iiss
     cchhaarraacctteerr  oorriieenntteedd,,  uunnlleessss  tthhee  ssttaarrttiinngg ppoossiittiioonn iiss
     ccoolluummnn 00,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee iitt iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     IItt iiss aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee mmoovveemmeenntt iiss ppaasstt tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff
     tthhee ffiillee..

     Line:    Set to the previous line that is count sseeccttiioonn
              bboouunnddaarriieess bbaacckk,, oorr tthhee ffiirrsstt lliinnee ooff tthhee ffiillee
              iiff  nnoo mmoorree sseeccttiioonn bboouunnddaarriieess eexxiisstt pprreecceeddiinngg
              tthhee ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee..
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4477


     Options: Affected by the sseeccttiioonnss option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ]]]]
     Move forward count sseeccttiioonn bboouunnddaarriieess..

     TThhee ]]]] ccoommmmaanndd iiss aann aabbssoolluuttee mmoovveemmeenntt..  TThhee ]]]] ccoommmmaanndd
     mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff  ootthheerr  vvii  ccoomm--
     mmaannddss,,  iinn  wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss
     cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd,, uunnlleessss  tthhee  ssttaarrttiinngg  ppoossiittiioonn  iiss
     ccoolluummnn 00,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee iitt iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     IItt  iiss  aann eerrrroorr iiff tthhee mmoovveemmeenntt iiss ppaasstt tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee
     ffiillee..

     Line:    Set to the line that is count  sseeccttiioonn  bboouunndd--
              aarriieess ffoorrwwaarrdd,, oorr ttoo tthhee llaasstt lliinnee ooff tthhee ffiillee
              iiff nnoo mmoorree sseeccttiioonn bboouunnddaarriieess eexxiisstt  ffoolllloowwiinngg
              tthhee ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee..
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the sseeccttiioonnss option.

^^
     Move to first nonblank character on the current line.

     The ^^ command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              current line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] __
     Move  down count - 1 lliinneess,, ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt nnoonnbbllaannkk cchhaarr--
     aacctteerr..  TThhee __ ccoommmmaanndd mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn  ccoommppoo--
     nneenntt  ooff  ootthheerr  vvii  ccoommmmaannddss,,  iinn  wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt
     ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     IItt iiss nnoott aann eerrrroorr ttoo eexxeeccuuttee tthhee __  ccoommmmaanndd  wwhheenn  tthhee
     ccuurrssoorr iiss oonn tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr iinn tthhee lliinnee..

     Line:    The current line plus count - 1..
     Column:  The first nonblank character in the line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] aa
     Enter  input mode, appending the text after the cursor.
     If count iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee  tteexxtt  iinnppuutt  iiss  rreeppeeaatteeddllyy
     iinnppuutt ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.












UUSSDD::1133--4488                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] bb
     Move backward count wwoorrddss..  MMoovvee tthhee ccuurrssoorr bbaacckkwwaarrdd ttoo
     tthhee  bbeeggiinnnniinngg  ooff  aa  wwoorrdd  bbyy rreeppeeaattiinngg tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg
     aallggoorriitthhmm:: iiff tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppoossiittiioonn iiss aatt tthhee  bbeeggiinnnniinngg
     ooff aa wwoorrdd,, mmoovvee ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee pprreecceeddiinngg
     wwoorrdd..  OOtthheerrwwiissee,, tthhee ccuurrrreenntt  ppoossiittiioonn  mmoovveess  ttoo  tthhee
     ffiirrsstt  cchhaarraacctteerr  ooff  tthhee wwoorrdd aatt tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppoossiittiioonn..
     IIff nnoo pprreecceeddiinngg wwoorrdd eexxiissttss oonn tthhee ccuurrrreenntt  lliinnee,,  mmoovvee
     ttoo  tthhee  ffiirrsstt  cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee llaasstt wwoorrdd oonn tthhee ffiirrsstt
     pprreecceeddiinngg lliinnee tthhaatt ccoonnttaaiinnss aa wwoorrdd..

     TThhee bb ccoommmmaanndd mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee  mmoottiioonn  ccoommppoonneenntt  ooff
     ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa
     bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set to the line containing the word  selected.
     Column:  Set   to  the  first  character  of  the  word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] cc mmoottiioonn
     Change the region of text specified by  the  count  aanndd
     mmoottiioonn.   If  only  part  of a single line is affected,
     then the last character being changed is marked with  a
     "$""..   OOtthheerrwwiissee,,  tthhee  rreeggiioonn  ooff tteexxtt iiss ddeelleetteedd,, aanndd
     iinnppuutt mmooddee iiss eenntteerreedd..

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] dd mmoottiioonn
     Delete  the  region  of text specified by the count aanndd
     mmoottiioonn.

     Line:    Set to the line where the region starts.
     Column:  Set to the first character in the  line  after
              the  last character in the region.  If no such
              character exists, set to  the  last  character
              before the region.
     Options: None.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4499


[[ccoouunntt]] ee
     Move  forward count eenndd--ooff--wwoorrddss..  MMoovvee tthhee ccuurrssoorr ffoorr--
     wwaarrdd ttoo tthhee eenndd ooff aa wwoorrdd bbyy  rreeppeeaattiinngg  tthhee  ffoolllloowwiinngg
     aallggoorriitthhmm::  iiff  tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  ppoossiittiioonn  iiss tthhee eenndd ooff aa
     wwoorrdd,, mmoovvee ttoo tthhee llaasstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg wwoorrdd..
     OOtthheerrwwiissee,,  mmoovvee  ttoo  tthhee llaasstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee wwoorrdd aatt
     tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppoossiittiioonn..  IIff nnoo ssuucccceeeeddiinngg wwoorrdd eexxiissttss  oonn
     tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  lliinnee,,  mmoovvee  ttoo tthhee llaasstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee
     ffiirrsstt wwoorrdd oonn tthhee nneexxtt ffoolllloowwiinngg lliinnee tthhaatt  ccoonnttaaiinnss  aa
     wwoorrdd..

     TThhee  ee  ccoommmmaanndd  mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff
     ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa
     bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set  to the line containing the word selected.
     Column:  Set  to  the  last  character  of   the   word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ff <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search  forward,  count  ttiimmeess,, tthhrroouugghh tthhee rreesstt ooff tthhee
     ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee ffoorr <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.

     The ff command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ii
     Enter input mode, inserting the text before the cursor.
     If  count  iiss  ssppeecciiffiieedd,,  tthhee tteexxtt iinnppuutt iiss rreeppeeaatteeddllyy
     iinnppuutt ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

mm <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Save  the current context (line and column) as <charac-
     ter>..  TThhee eexxaacctt ppoossiittiioonn iiss rreeffeerrrreedd ttoo bbyy  ""``<<cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr>>".  The line is referred to by "'<character>""..

     HHiissttoorriiccaallllyy,,  <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> was restricted to lower-case
     letters.  NNvvii permits the use of any character.












UUSSDD::1133--5500                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] oo
     Enter input mode, appending text in a  new  line  under
     the  current  line.   If  count  iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee tteexxtt
     iinnppuutt iiss rreeppeeaatteeddllyy iinnppuutt ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Historically, any count ssppeecciiffiieedd ttoo tthhee oo ccoommmmaanndd  wwaass
     iiggnnoorreedd..

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] pp
     Append text from a buffer.  Text from the  buffer  (the
     unnamed  buffer  by default) is appended after the cur-
     rent column or, if the buffer is line  oriented,  after
     the current line.

     Line:    Set  to the first line appended, if the buffer
              is line oriented, otherwise unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              appended  text if the buffer is line oriented,
              otherwise, the last character of the  appended
              text.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] rr <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Replace  characters.   The next count cchhaarraacctteerrss iinn tthhee
     lliinnee aarree rreeppllaacceedd wwiitthh <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.  Replacing  charac-
     ters with <newline> cchhaarraacctteerrss rreessuullttss iinn ccrreeaattiinngg nneeww,,
     eemmppttyy lliinneess iinnttoo tthhee ffiillee..

     IIff <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> is <escape>,, tthhee ccoommmmaanndd iiss ccaanncceelllleedd..

     Line:    Unchanged unless the replacement character  is
              a  <newline>,,  iinn  wwhhiicchh ccaassee iitt iiss sseett ttoo tthhee
              ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee pplluuss ccoouunntt -- 11.
     Column:  Set to the last character replaced, unless the
              replacement character is a <newline>, in which
              case the cursor is in column  1  of  the  last
              line inserted.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] ss
     Substitute  count cchhaarraacctteerrss iinn tthhee ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee ssttaarrtt--
     iinngg wwiitthh tthhee ccuurrrreenntt cchhaarraacctteerr..










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5511


     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] tt <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search  forward,  count ttiimmeess,, tthhrroouugghh tthhee ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee
     ffoorr tthhee cchhaarraacctteerr iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy _b_e_f_o_r_e <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>_.

     _T_h_e tt _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _m_a_y _b_e _u_s_e_d _a_s _t_h_e  _m_o_t_i_o_n  _c_o_m_p_o_n_e_n_t  _o_f
     _o_t_h_e_r vvii _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s_, _i_n _w_h_i_c_h _c_a_s_e _a_n_y _t_e_x_t _c_o_p_i_e_d _i_n_t_o _a
     _b_u_f_f_e_r _i_s _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _o_r_i_e_n_t_e_d_.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the character _b_e_f_o_r_e  the  searched-for
              character.
     Options: None.

uu
     Undo  the  last  change made to the file.  If repeated,
     the uu command alternates between these two states,  and
     is  its  own  inverse.   When used after an insert that
     inserted text on more than  one  line,  the  lines  are
     saved in the numeric buffers.

     The  ..  command, when used immediately after the uu com-
     mand, causes the change log to  be  rolled  forward  or
     backward, depending on the action of the uu command.

     Line:    Set to the position of the first line changed,
              if the reversal affects only one line or  rep-
              resents  an addition or change; otherwise, the
              line preceding the deleted text.
     Column:  Set to the cursor position before  the  change
              was made.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ww
     Move  forward  count wwoorrddss..  MMoovvee tthhee ccuurrssoorr ffoorrwwaarrdd ttoo
     tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff aa  wwoorrdd  bbyy  rreeppeeaattiinngg  tthhee  ffoolllloowwiinngg
     aallggoorriitthhmm::  iiff tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppoossiittiioonn iiss aatt tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg
     ooff aa wwoorrdd,, mmoovvee ttoo tthhee  ffiirrsstt  cchhaarraacctteerr  ooff  tthhee  nneexxtt
     wwoorrdd..   IIff  nnoo  ssuubbsseeqquueenntt  wwoorrdd  eexxiissttss oonn tthhee ccuurrrreenntt
     lliinnee,, mmoovvee ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee ffiirrsstt wwoorrdd  oonn
     tthhee ffiirrsstt ffoolllloowwiinngg lliinnee tthhaatt ccoonnttaaiinnss aa wwoorrdd..

     TThhee  ww  ccoommmmaanndd  mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff
     ootthheerr vvii ccoommmmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa
     bbuuffffeerr iiss cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd..












UUSSDD::1133--5522                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Line:    Set  to the line containing the word selected.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  character  of  the   word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] xx
     Delete  count  cchhaarraacctteerrss..  TThhee ddeelleettiioonn iiss aatt tthhee ccuurr--
     rreenntt cchhaarraacctteerr ppoossiittiioonn..  IIff tthhee nnuummbbeerr  ooff  cchhaarraacctteerrss
     ttoo bbee ddeelleetteedd iiss ggrreeaatteerr tthhaann oorr eeqquuaall ttoo tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff
     cchhaarraacctteerrss ttoo tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee lliinnee,, aallll ooff  tthhee  cchhaarraacc--
     tteerrss ffrroomm tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ccuurrssoorr ppoossiittiioonn ttoo tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee
     lliinnee aarree ddeelleetteedd..

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged unless the  last  character  in  the
              line  is deleted and the cursor is not already
              on the first character in the line,  in  which
              case it is set to the previous character.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] yy mmoottiioonn
     Copy (or "yank") the text region specified by the count
     aanndd mmoottiioonn, into a buffer.

     Line:    Unchanged, unless the region covers more  than
              a  single line, in which case it is set to the
              line where the region starts.
     Column:  Unchanged, unless the region covers more  than
              a  single line, in which case it is set to the
              character were the region starts.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt11]] zz [[ccoouunntt22]] ttyyppee
     Redraw the screen with a window count2 lliinneess lloonngg,, wwiitthh
     lliinnee  ccoouunntt11 placed as specified by the type cchhaarraacctteerr..
     IIff ccoouunntt11 is not specified, it defaults to the  current
     line.   If  count2 iiss nnoott ssppeecciiffiieedd,, iitt ddeeffaauullttss ttoo tthhee
     ccuurrrreenntt wwiinnddooww ssiizzee..

     TThhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ttyyppee characters may be used:

     +        If count1 is specified, place the line  count1
              at  the top of the screen.  Otherwise, display
              the screen after the current screen, similarly
              to the <<ccoonnttrrooll--FF>> command.
     <carriage-return>
              Place  the  line  count1  at  the  top  of the
              screen.
     .        Place the line count1 in  the  center  of  the
              screen.
     -        Place  the  line  count1  at the bottom of the
              screen.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5533


     ^        If count1 is specified, place the line that is
              at the top of the screen when count1 is at the
              bottom of the screen, at  the  bottom  of  the
              screen,  i.e.  display  the  screen before the
              screen before count1.  Otherwise, display  the
              screen before the current screen, similarly to
              the <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>> command.

     Line:    Set to count1 unless count1 is  not  specified
              and  the type character was either "^" or "+",
              in which case it is set to the line before the
              first  line on the previous screen or the line
              after the last line on  the  previous  screen,
              respectively.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] {{
     Move backward count ppaarraaggrraapphhss..

     TThhee {{ ccoommmmaanndd iiss aann aabbssoolluuttee mmoovveemmeenntt..  TThhee  {{  ccoommmmaanndd
     mmaayy  bbee  uusseedd  aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff ootthheerr vvii ccoomm--
     mmaannddss,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa  bbuuffffeerr  iiss
     cchhaarraacctteerr  oorriieenntteedd,,  uunnlleessss  tthhee ssttaarrttiinngg cchhaarraacctteerr iiss
     tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr oonn iittss lliinnee,, iinn wwhhiicchh  ccaassee  iitt  iiss
     lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set  to  the  line containing the beginning of
              the previous paragraph.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the ppaarraaggrraapphh option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ||
     Move to a specific _c_o_l_u_m_n position on the current line.

     The || command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.  It is an  error  to  use
     the  || command as a motion component and for the cursor
     not to move.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to  the  character  occupying  the  column
              position  identified by count, if the position
              exists in the line.  If the column  length  of
              the  current line is less than count, the cur-
              sor is moved to  the  last  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.












UUSSDD::1133--5544                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


[[ccoouunntt]] }}
     Move forward count ppaarraaggrraapphhss..

     TThhee  }}  ccoommmmaanndd iiss aann aabbssoolluuttee mmoovveemmeenntt..  TThhee }} ccoommmmaanndd
     mmaayy bbee uusseedd aass tthhee mmoottiioonn ccoommppoonneenntt ooff  ootthheerr  vvii  ccoomm--
     mmaannddss,,  iinn  wwhhiicchh ccaassee aannyy tteexxtt ccooppiieedd iinnttoo aa bbuuffffeerr iiss
     cchhaarraacctteerr oorriieenntteedd,, uunnlleessss tthhee ssttaarrttiinngg cchhaarraacctteerr iiss aatt
     oorr bbeeffoorree aannyy nnoonnbbllaannkk cchhaarraacctteerrss iinn iittss lliinnee,, iinn wwhhiicchh
     ccaassee iitt iiss lliinnee oorriieenntteedd..

     Line:    Set to the line containing  the  beginning  of
              the next paragraph.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the ppaarraaggrraapphh option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ~~
     Reverse the case of the next count cchhaarraacctteerr((ss))..   TThhiiss
     iiss  tthhee  hhiissttoorriicc  sseemmaannttiicc ffoorr tthhee ~~ ccoommmmaanndd aanndd iitt iiss
     oonnllyy iinn eeffffeecctt iiff tthhee ttiillddeeoopp ooppttiioonn iiss nnoott sseett..

     LLoowweerrccaassee aallpphhaabbeettiicc cchhaarraacctteerrss aarree cchhaannggeedd  ttoo  uuppppeerr--
     ccaassee,,  aanndd  uuppppeerrccaassee  cchhaarraacctteerrss aarree cchhaannggeedd ttoo lloowweerr--
     ccaassee..  NNoo ootthheerr cchhaarraacctteerrss aarree aaffffeecctteedd..

     HHiissttoorriiccaallllyy,, tthhee ~~ ccoommmmaanndd ddiidd nnoott ttaakkee aann  aassssoocciiaatteedd
     ccoouunntt,,  nnoorr  ddiidd  iitt  mmoovvee  ppaasstt tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee ccuurrrreenntt
     lliinnee..  AAss iitt hhaadd nnoo aassssoocciiaatteedd mmoottiioonn iitt wwaass  ddiiffffiiccuulltt
     ttoo cchhaannggee tthhee ccaassee ooff llaarrggee bblloocckkss ooff tteexxtt..  IInn nnvvii,, iiff
     tthhee ccuurrssoorr iiss oonn tthhee llaasstt  cchhaarraacctteerr  ooff  aa  lliinnee,,  aanndd
     tthheerree  aarree  mmoorree lliinneess iinn tthhee ffiillee,, tthhee ccuurrssoorr mmoovveess ttoo
     tthhee nneexxtt lliinnee..

     IItt iiss nnoott aann eerrrroorr ttoo ssppeecciiffyy aa ccoouunntt llaarrggeerr  tthhaann  tthhee
     nnuummbbeerr  ooff cchhaarraacctteerrss bbeettwweeeenn tthhee ccuurrssoorr aanndd tthhee eenndd ooff
     tthhee ffiillee..

     Line:    Set to the line of the character  after  count
              cchhaarraacctteerrss,, oorr,, eenndd ooff ffiillee..
     Column:  Set  to  the character after count cchhaarraacctteerrss,,
              oorr,, eenndd--ooff--ffiillee..
     Options: Affected by the ttiillddeeoopp option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ~~ mmoottiioonn
     Reverse the case of the characters  in  a  text  region
     specified  by  the count aanndd mmoottiioonn.  Only in effect if
     the ttiillddeeoopp option is set.

     Lowercase characters  are  changed  to  uppercase,  and
     uppercase  characters  are  changed  to  lowercase.  No
     other characters are affected.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5555


     Line:    Set to the line of  the  character  after  the
              last character in the region.
     Column:  Set  to the character after the last character
              in the region.
     Options: Affected by the ttiillddeeoopp option.

<<iinntteerrrruupptt>>
     Interrupt the current operation.  Many  of  the  poten-
     tially  long-running  vvii  commands  may  be interrupted
     using the terminal interrupt character.   These  opera-
     tions  include searches, file reading and writing, fil-
     ter operations and map character expansion.  Interrupts
     are also enabled when running commands outside of vvii.

     If the <interrupt> cchhaarraacctteerr iiss uusseedd ttoo iinntteerrrruupptt wwhhiillee
     eenntteerriinngg aann eexx ccoommmmaanndd,, tthhee  ccoommmmaanndd  iiss  aabboorrtteedd,,  tthhee
     ccuurrssoorr rreettuurrnnss ttoo iittss pprreevviioouuss ppoossiittiioonn,, aanndd vvii rreemmaaiinnss
     iinn ccoommmmaanndd mmooddee..

     GGeenneerraallllyy,, iiff tthhee  <<iinntteerrrruupptt>>  cchhaarraacctteerr  iiss  uusseedd  ttoo
     iinntteerrrruupptt  aannyy  ooppeerraattiioonn,,  aannyy cchhaannggeess mmaaddee bbeeffoorree tthhee
     iinntteerrrruupptt aarree lleefftt iinn ppllaaccee..

     Line:    Dependent on the operation being  interrupted.
     Column:  Dependent  on the operation being interrupted.
     Options: None.

     1144..  VVii TTeexxtt IInnppuutt CCoommmmaannddss

          The  following  section  describes  the   commands
     available in the text input mode of the vvii editor.

          Historically,  vvii  implementations  only permitted
     the characters inserted  on  the  current  line  to  be
     erased.   In addition, only the <control-D> eerraassee cchhaarr--
     aacctteerr aanndd tthhee ""00<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>" and  "^<control-D>""  eerraassee
     ssttrriinnggss ccoouulldd eerraassee aauuttooiinnddeenntt cchhaarraacctteerrss..  ((AAuuttooiinnddeenntt
     cchhaarraacctteerrss iinncclluuddee bbootthh tthhee cchhaarraacctteerrss  iinnsseerrtteedd  aauuttoo--
     mmaattiiccaallllyy  aatt tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff aann iinnppuutt lliinnee aass wweellll aass
     cchhaarraacctteerrss iinnsseerrtteedd  uussiinngg  tthhee  <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>  command.)
     This  implementation  permits  erasure to continue past
     the beginning of the current line, and  back  to  where
     text  input  mode was entered.  In addition, autoindent
     characters may be erased using the standard erase char-
     acters.  For the line and word erase characters, reach-
     ing the autoindent characters forms a "soft"  boundary,
     denoting  the  end  of  the current word or line erase.
     Repeating the word or line erase  key  will  erase  the
     autoindent characters.

          Historically, vvii always used <control-H> aanndd <<ccoonn--
     ttrrooll--WW>> as character and word erase characters, respec-
     tively,  regardless  of  the current terminal settings.










UUSSDD::1133--5566                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     This implementation accepts, in addition to  these  two
     characters,  the  current terminal characters for those
     operations.

     <<nnuull>>
          If the first character of the input  is  a  <nul>,,
          tthhee   pprreevviioouuss  iinnppuutt  iiss  rreeppllaayyeedd,,  aass  iiff  jjuusstt
          eenntteerreedd..

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
          If the previous  character  on  the  line  was  an
          autoindent character, erase characters to move the
          cursor back to the column  immediately  after  the
          previous  (1-based)  column which is a multiple of
          the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh edit option.  This  may  result  in
          any number of <tab> aanndd <<ssppaaccee>> characters preced-
          ing the cursor being changed.

          Otherwise, if the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option is set and the
          user  is entering the first character in the line,
          <control-D>  iiss  iiggnnoorreedd..   OOtthheerrwwiissee,,  aa  lliitteerraall
          <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> character is entered.

     ^^<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
          If  the  previous  character  on  the  line was an
          autoindent character, erase all of the  autoindent
          characters  on the line.  In addition, the autoin-
          dent level is reset to 0.

     00<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
          If the previous  character  on  the  line  was  an
          autoindent  character, erase all of the autoindent
          characters on the line.  The autoindent  level  is
          not altered.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
          Insert  sufficient <tab> aanndd <<ssppaaccee>> characters to
          move the cursor forward to the column  immediately
          after  the next (1-based) column which is a multi-
          ple of  the  sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh  edit  option.   This  may
          result  in any number of <tab> aanndd <<ssppaaccee>> charac-
          ters preceding the cursor being changed.

          Historically, vvii did not  permit  the  <control-T>
          ccoommmmaanndd  ttoo  bbee  uusseedd uunnlleessss tthhee ccuurrssoorr wwaass aatt tthhee
          ffiirrsstt ccoolluummnn ooff aa nneeww lliinnee oorr iitt wwaass pprreecceeddeedd oonnllyy
          bbyy  aauuttooiinnddeenntt  cchhaarraacctteerrss..   NNvvii ppeerrmmiittss iitt ttoo bbee
          uusseedd aatt aannyy ttiimmee dduurriinngg iinnsseerrtt mmooddee..

     <<eerraassee>>
     <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>
          Erase the last character.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5577


     <<lliitteerraall--nneexxtt>>
          Quote the next character.  The next character will
          not be mapped (see the mmaapp command for more infor-
          mation) or interpreted specially.  A  carat  ("^""))
          cchhaarraacctteerr  wwiillll  bbee  ddiissppllaayyeedd  iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy  aass  aa
          ppllaacceehhoollddeerr,, bbuutt wwiillll  bbee  rreeppllaacceedd  bbyy  tthhee  nneexxtt
          cchhaarraacctteerr..

     <<eessccaappee>>
          If  on  the colon command line, and the ffiilleecc edit
          option  is  set,  behave  as  described  for  that
          option.   Otherwise, if on the colon command line,
          execute the command.  Otherwise,  if  not  on  the
          colon  command  line,  resolve all text input into
          the file, and return to command mode.

     <<lliinnee eerraassee>>
          Erase the current line.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>>
     <<wwoorrdd eerraassee>>
          Erase the last word.  The definition  of  word  is
          dependent  on the aallttwweerraassee and ttttyywweerraassee options.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--XX>>[[00--99AA--FFaa--ff]]++
          Insert a character with the specified  hexadecimal
          value  into  the  text.  The value is delimited by
          any non-hexadecimal character or the input of  the
          maximum  number  of  characters that can be trans-
          lated into a single character value.

     <<iinntteerrrruupptt>>
          Interrupt text input mode,  returning  to  command
          mode.   If  the  <interrupt>  cchhaarraacctteerr iiss uusseedd ttoo
          iinntteerrrruupptt iinnsseerrttiinngg tteexxtt iinnttoo tthhee ffiillee,, iitt  iiss  aass
          iiff tthhee <<eessccaappee>> character was used; all text input
          up to the interruption is resolved into the  file.

     1155..  EExx AAddddrreessssiinngg

          Addressing  in  eexx  (and when eexx commands are exe-
     cuted from vvii) relates to the current  line.   In  gen-
     eral,  the  current line is the last line affected by a
     command.  The exact effect on the current line is  dis-
     cussed under the description of each command.  When the
     file contains no lines, the current line is zero.

          Addresses are constructed by one or  more  of  the
     following methods:

      (1)   The address "."  refers to the current line.












UUSSDD::1133--5588                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


      (2)   The  address  "$" refers to the last line of the
            file.

      (3)   The address "N", where N is a  positive  number,
            refers to the N-th line of the file.

      (4)   The  address  "'<character>"  or  "`<character>"
            refers to the line marked with the name <charac-
            ter>.   (See the kk or mm commands for more infor-
            mation on how to mark lines.)

      (5)   A regular expression (RE)  enclosed  by  slashes
            ("/")  is an address, and it refers to the first
            line found by searching forward  from  the  line
            _a_f_t_e_r  the  current  line  toward the end of the
            file, and stopping at the first line  containing
            a  string  matching the RE.  (The trailing slash
            can be omitted at the end of the command  line.)

            If no RE is specified, i.e. the pattern is "//_"_,
            _t_h_e _l_a_s_t _R_E _u_s_e_d _i_n _a_n_y _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_s _u_s_e_d  _i_n  _t_h_e
            _s_e_a_r_c_h_.

            _I_f _t_h_e eexxtteennddeedd _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _s_e_t_, _t_h_e _R_E _i_s _h_a_n_d_l_e_d
            _a_s _a_n _e_x_t_e_n_d_e_d _R_E_, _n_o_t _a _b_a_s_i_c _R_E_.  _I_f _t_h_e wwrraapp--
            ssccaann  _o_p_t_i_o_n  _i_s _s_e_t_, _t_h_e _s_e_a_r_c_h _w_r_a_p_s _a_r_o_u_n_d _t_o
            _t_h_e _b_e_g_i_n_n_i_n_g _o_f _t_h_e _f_i_l_e _a_n_d  _c_o_n_t_i_n_u_e_s  _u_p  _t_o
            _a_n_d  _i_n_c_l_u_d_i_n_g  _t_h_e  _c_u_r_r_e_n_t  _l_i_n_e_,  _s_o _t_h_a_t _t_h_e
            _e_n_t_i_r_e _f_i_l_e _i_s _s_e_a_r_c_h_e_d_.

            _T_h_e _f_o_r_m _"_\_/"" iiss aacccceepptteedd ffoorr hhiissttoorriicc  rreeaassoonnss,,
            aanndd iiss iiddeennttiiccaall ttoo ""////_"_.

      (6)   An   RE   enclosed   in   question  marks  ("?_"_)
            _a_d_d_r_e_s_s_e_s _t_h_e  _f_i_r_s_t  _l_i_n_e  _f_o_u_n_d  _b_y  _s_e_a_r_c_h_i_n_g
            _b_a_c_k_w_a_r_d  _f_r_o_m  _t_h_e  _l_i_n_e  _p_r_e_c_e_d_i_n_g _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t
            _l_i_n_e_, _t_o_w_a_r_d _t_h_e _b_e_g_i_n_n_i_n_g _o_f _t_h_e _f_i_l_e _a_n_d _s_t_o_p_-
            _p_i_n_g  _a_t  _t_h_e  _f_i_r_s_t  _l_i_n_e  _c_o_n_t_a_i_n_i_n_g  _a _s_t_r_i_n_g
            _m_a_t_c_h_i_n_g _t_h_e _R_E_.  _(_T_h_e  _t_r_a_i_l_i_n_g  _q_u_e_s_t_i_o_n  _m_a_r_k
            _c_a_n _b_e _o_m_i_t_t_e_d _a_t _t_h_e _e_n_d _o_f _a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _l_i_n_e_._)

            _I_f _n_o _R_E _i_s _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_e_d_, _i_._e_. _t_h_e _p_a_t_t_e_r_n _i_s _"_?_?_"_,
            _t_h_e _l_a_s_t _R_E _u_s_e_d _i_n _a_n_y _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_s _u_s_e_d  _i_n  _t_h_e
            _s_e_a_r_c_h_.

            _I_f _t_h_e eexxtteennddeedd _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _s_e_t_, _t_h_e _R_E _i_s _h_a_n_d_l_e_d
            _a_s _a_n _e_x_t_e_n_d_e_d _R_E_, _n_o_t _a _b_a_s_i_c _R_E_.  _I_f _t_h_e wwrraapp--
            ssccaann  _o_p_t_i_o_n  _i_s  _s_e_t_,  _t_h_e _s_e_a_r_c_h  _w_r_a_p_s _a_r_o_u_n_d
            _f_r_o_m _t_h_e _b_e_g_i_n_n_i_n_g _o_f _t_h_e _f_i_l_e _t_o _t_h_e _e_n_d _o_f _t_h_e
            _f_i_l_e  _a_n_d _c_o_n_t_i_n_u_e_s _u_p _t_o _a_n_d _i_n_c_l_u_d_i_n_g _t_h_e _c_u_r_-
            _r_e_n_t _l_i_n_e_, _s_o _t_h_a_t _t_h_e _e_n_t_i_r_e _f_i_l_e _i_s  _s_e_a_r_c_h_e_d_.

            _T_h_e _f_o_r_m _"_\_?""  iiss aacccceepptteedd ffoorr hhiissttoorriicc rreeaassoonnss,,










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--5599


            aanndd iiss iiddeennttiiccaall ttoo ""????_"_.

      (7)   An address followed by a plus sign  ("+_"_)  _o_r  _a
            _m_i_n_u_s _s_i_g_n _(_"_-") followed by a number is an off-
            set address and refers to the address  plus  (or
            minus)  the  indicated  number of lines.  If the
            address is omitted, the addition or  subtraction
            is done with respect to the current line.

      (8)   An address of "+" or "-" followed by a number is
            an offset from the current line.   For  example,
            "-5" is the same as ".-5".

      (9)   An address ending with "+" or "-" has 1 added to
            or subtracted from  the  address,  respectively.
            As  a consequence of this rule and of the previ-
            ous rule, the address "-"  refers  to  the  line
            preceding  the current line.  Moreover, trailing
            "+" and "-" characters have a cumulative effect.
            For  example, "++-++" refers to the current line
            plus 3.

      (10)  A  percent  sign  ("%")  is  equivalent  to  the
            address range "1,$".

          EExx  commands  require zero, one, or two addresses.
     It is an error to specify an address to a command which
     requires zero addresses.

          If the user provides more than the expected number
     of addresses to any eexx  command,  the  first  addresses
     specified  are  discarded.  For example, "1,2,3,5""pprriinntt
     pprriinnttss lliinneess 33 tthhrroouugghh 55,,  bbeeccaauussee  tthhee  pprriinntt  ccoommmmaanndd
     oonnllyy ttaakkeess ttwwoo aaddddrreesssseess..

          The  addresses  in a range are separated from each
     other by a comma (","")) oorr aa sseemmiiccoolloonn  (("";;").   In  the
     latter  case,  the  current  line  (".""))  iiss sseett ttoo tthhee
     ffiirrsstt aaddddrreessss,, aanndd oonnllyy tthheenn iiss tthhee sseeccoonndd aaddddrreessss ccaall--
     ccuullaatteedd..   TThhiiss  ffeeaattuurree  ccaann  bbee uusseedd ttoo ddeetteerrmmiinnee tthhee
     ssttaarrttiinngg lliinnee ffoorr ffoorrwwaarrdd aanndd  bbaacckkwwaarrdd  sseeaarrcchheess  ((sseeee
     rruulleess  ((55))  aanndd  ((66)) aabboovvee))..  TThhee sseeccoonndd aaddddrreessss ooff aannyy
     ttwwoo--aaddddrreessss sseeqquueennccee ccoorrrreessppoonnddss ttoo aa  lliinnee  tthhaatt  ffooll--
     lloowwss,,  iinn tthhee ffiillee,, tthhee lliinnee ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt
     aaddddrreessss..  TThhee ffiirrsstt aaddddrreessss mmuusstt bbee lleessss tthhaann oorr  eeqquuaall
     ttoo  tthhee  sseeccoonndd  aaddddrreessss..   TThhee  ffiirrsstt  aaddddrreessss mmuusstt bbee
     ggrreeaatteerr tthhaann oorr eeqquuaall ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt lliinnee  ooff  tthhee  ffiillee,,
     aanndd  tthhee llaasstt aaddddrreessss mmuusstt bbee lleessss tthhaann oorr eeqquuaall ttoo tthhee
     llaasstt lliinnee ooff tthhee ffiillee..














UUSSDD::1133--6600                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


     1166..  EExx DDeessccrriippttiioonn

          The following words have special meanings  for  eexx
     commands.

     <<eenndd--ooff--ffiillee>>
          The  end-of-file  character  is used to scroll the
          screen in the eexx editor.  This character  is  nor-
          mally <control-D>..  HHoowweevveerr,, wwhhaatteevveerr cchhaarraacctteerr iiss
          sseett ffoorr tthhee ccuurrrreenntt tteerrmmiinnaall iiss ssuuppppoorrtteedd aass  wweellll
          aass <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>.

     lliinnee
          A  single-line  address, given in any of the forms
          described in the section entitled "EExx AAddddrreessssiinngg".
          The default for line iiss tthhee ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee..

     rraannggee
          A  line, or a pair of line addresses, separated by
          a comma or semicolon.  (See the  section  entitled
          "EExx   AAddddrreessssiinngg"   for  more  information.)   The
          default for range is the current line  _o_n_l_y,  i.e.
          ".,._"_.   _A _p_e_r_c_e_n_t _s_i_g_n _(_"_%") stands for the range
          "1,$_"_.  _T_h_e _s_t_a_r_t_i_n_g _a_d_d_r_e_s_s _m_u_s_t _b_e _l_e_s_s _t_h_a_n_, _o_r
          _e_q_u_a_l _t_o_, _t_h_e _e_n_d_i_n_g _a_d_d_r_e_s_s_.

     ccoouunntt
          A positive integer, specifying the number of lines
          to be affected by the command; the default  is  1.
          Generally,  a  count  past  the end-of-file may be
          specified, e.g. the command "p 3000"" iinn aa 1100  lliinnee
          ffiillee  iiss  aacccceeppttaabbllee,, aanndd wwiillll pprriinntt ffrroomm tthhee ccuurr--
          rreenntt lliinnee tthhrroouugghh tthhee llaasstt lliinnee iinn tthhee ffiillee..

     ffllaaggss
          One or more of the characters "#", "p",  and  "l".
          When a command that accepts these flags completes,
          the addressed line(s) are written out as if by the
          corresponding  ##,  ll  or pp commands.  In addition,
          any number of "+"" oorr ""--" characters can be  speci-
          fied  before, after, or during the flags, in which
          case the line written is not necessarily  the  one
          affected  by  the  command,  but  rather  the line
          addressed by the offset  address  specified.   The
          default for flags iiss nnoonnee..

     ffiillee
          A  pattern  used to derive a pathname; the default
          is the current file.  File names are subjected  to
          normal _s_h(1) word expansions.

          Anywhere a file name is specified, it is also pos-
     sible to use the special string "/tmp".  This  will  be










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6611


     replaced  with  a temporary file name which can be used
     for temporary work, e.g.  ":e /tmp" creates and edits a
     new file.

          If both a count and a range are specified for com-
     mands that use either, the starting line for  the  com-
     mand  is  the  _l_a_s_t  line  addressed  by the range, and
     count_- _s_u_b_s_e_q_u_e_n_t _l_i_n_e_s _a_r_e _a_f_f_e_c_t_e_d  _b_y  _t_h_e  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_,
     _e_._g_.  _t_h_e  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _"_2_,_3_p_4" prints out lines 3, 4, 5 and
     6.

          When only a line or range is  specified,  with  no
     command,  the  implied command is either a lliisstt, nnuummbbeerr
     or pprriinntt command.  The command used is the most  recent
     of  the three commands to have been used (including any
     use as a flag).  If none of these  commands  have  been
     used  before, the pprriinntt command is the implied command.
     When no range or count is  specified  and  the  command
     line  is  a blank line, the current line is incremented
     by 1 and then the current line is displayed.

          Zero or more whitespace characters may precede  or
     follow  the  addresses,  count, flags, or command name.
     Any object following a command name  (such  as  buffer,
     file,  etc.), that begins with an alphabetic character,
     should be separated from the command name by  at  least
     one whitespace character.

          Any  character,  including  <carriage-return>, "%"
     and "#" retain their literal value when preceded  by  a
     backslash.

     1177..  EExx CCoommmmaannddss

          The   following  section  describes  the  commands
     available in the eexx editor.  In each entry  below,  the
     tag line is a usage synopsis for the command.

          Each  command  can  be entered as the abbreviation
     (those characters in the synopsis command word  preced-
     ing  the  "[" character), the full command (all charac-
     ters shown for the command word, omitting the  "["  and
     "]" characters), or any leading subset of the full com-
     mand down to the abbreviation.  For example,  the  args
     command  (shown  as  "ar[gs]"  in  the synopsis) can be
     entered as "ar", "arg" or "args".

          Each eexx command described below notes the new cur-
     rent  line after it is executed, as well as any options
     that affect the command.

     ""
          A  comment.   Command  lines  beginning  with  the










UUSSDD::1133--6622                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          double-quote  character  (""""))  aarree iiggnnoorreedd..  TThhiiss
          ppeerrmmiittss ccoommmmeennttss iinn  eeddiittoorr  ssccrriippttss  aanndd  ssttaarrttuupp
          ffiilleess..

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>

     <<eenndd--ooff--ffiillee>>
          Scroll  the screen.  Write the next N lines, where
          N is the value of the ssccrroollll option.  The  command
          is  the  end-of-file terminal character, which may
          be different on different  terminals.   Tradition-
          ally, it is the <control-D> kkeeyy..

          HHiissttoorriiccaallllyy,,  tthhee eeooff ccoommmmaanndd iiggnnoorreedd aannyy pprreecceedd--
          iinngg ccoouunntt,, aanndd  tthhee  <<eenndd--ooff--ffiillee>>  cchhaarraacctteerr  wwaass
          iiggnnoorreedd uunnlleessss iitt wwaass eenntteerreedd aass tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacc--
          tteerr ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd..  TThhiiss iimmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn ttrreeaattss iitt
          aass  aa ccoommmmaanndd _o_n_l_y iiff eenntteerreedd aass tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacc--
          tteerr ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd lliinnee,, aanndd ootthheerrwwiissee  ttrreeaattss  iitt
          aass aannyy ootthheerr cchhaarraacctteerr..

          Line:    Set to the last line written.
          Options: Affected by the ssccrroollll option.

     !! aarrgguummeenntt((ss))
     [[rraannggee]]!! aarrgguummeenntt((ss))
          Execute a shell command, or filter lines through a
          shell command.  In the first synopsis, the remain-
          der of the line after the "!""  cchhaarraacctteerr iiss ppaasssseedd
          ttoo tthhee pprrooggrraamm nnaammeedd bbyy tthhee  sshheellll  ooppttiioonn,,  aass  aa
          ssiinnggllee aarrgguummeenntt..

          WWiitthhiinn  tthhee  rreesstt  ooff  tthhee  lliinnee,,  ""%%"" aanndd ""##"" aarree
          eexxppaannddeedd iinnttoo tthhee ccuurrrreenntt aanndd aalltteerrnnaattee ppaatthhnnaammeess,,
          rreessppeeccttiivveellyy..  TThhee cchhaarraacctteerr ""!!""  iiss eexxppaannddeedd wwiitthh
          tthhee ccoommmmaanndd  tteexxtt  ooff  tthhee  pprreevviioouuss  !!   ccoommmmaanndd..
          ((TThheerreeffoorree,, tthhee ccoommmmaanndd !!!!  rreeppeeaattss tthhee pprreevviioouuss !!
          ccoommmmaanndd..))  TThhee ssppeecciiaall mmeeaanniinnggss ooff ""%%"",,  ""##"",,  aanndd
          ""!!""   ccaann  bbee  oovveerrrriiddddeenn  bbyy eessccaappiinngg tthheemm wwiitthh aa
          bbaacckkssllaasshh..  IIff nnoo !!  oorr ::!!  ccoommmmaanndd hhaass  yyeett  bbeeeenn
          eexxeeccuutteedd,,  iitt  iiss aann eerrrroorr ttoo uussee aann uunneessccaappeedd ""!!""
          cchhaarraacctteerr..  TThhee  !!   ccoommmmaanndd  ddooeess  _n_o_t  ddoo  sshheellll
          eexxppaannssiioonn  oonn  tthhee  ssttrriinnggss pprroovviiddeedd aass aarrgguummeennttss..
          IIff aannyy ooff tthhee aabboovvee eexxppaannssiioonnss cchhaannggee tthhee  ccoommmmaanndd
          tthhee  uusseerr  eenntteerreedd,,  tthhee ccoommmmaanndd iiss rreeddiissppllaayyeedd aatt
          tthhee bboottttoomm ooff tthhee ssccrreeeenn..

          EExx tthheenn eexxeeccuutteess tthhee pprrooggrraamm nnaammeedd  bbyy  tthhee  sshheellll
          ooppttiioonn,,  wwiitthh  aa --cc ffllaagg ffoolllloowweedd bbyy tthhee aarrgguummeennttss
          ((wwhhiicchh aarree bbuunnddlleedd iinnttoo aa ssiinnggllee aarrgguummeenntt))..

          TThhee !!  ccoommmmaanndd iiss ppeerrmmiitttteedd iinn aann eemmppttyy ffiillee..











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6633


          IIff tthhee ffiillee hhaass bbeeeenn mmooddiiffiieedd ssiinnccee  iitt  wwaass  llaasstt
          ccoommpplleetteellyy wwrriitttteenn,, tthhee ccoommmmaanndd wwiillll wwaarrnn yyoouu..

          AA ssiinnggllee ""!!""  cchhaarraacctteerr iiss ddiissppllaayyeedd wwhheenn tthhee ccoomm--
          mmaanndd ccoommpplleetteess..

          IInn tthhee sseeccoonndd ffoorrmm ooff tthhee !!  ccoommmmaanndd,, tthhee  rreemmaaiinn--
          ddeerr  ooff  tthhee  lliinnee aafftteerr tthhee ""!!""  iiss ppaasssseedd ttoo tthhee
          pprrooggrraamm nnaammeedd bbyy tthhee sshheellll  ooppttiioonn,,  aass  ddeessccrriibbeedd
          aabboovvee..  TThhee ssppeecciiffiieedd lliinneess aarree ppaasssseedd ttoo tthhee pprroo--
          ggrraamm aass ssttaannddaarrdd iinnppuutt,, aanndd tthhee ssttaannddaarrdd aanndd ssttaann--
          ddaarrdd eerrrroorr oouuttppuutt ooff tthhee pprrooggrraamm rreeppllaaccee tthhee oorriigg--
          iinnaall lliinneess..

          Line:    Unchanged if no range was specified, oth-
                   erwise  set  to  the  first  line  of the
                   range.
          Options: Affected by the sshheellll and wwaarrnn options.

     [[rraannggee]] ## [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]] nnuu[[mmbbeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display the selected lines, each preceded with its
          line number.

          The  line  number format is "%6d", followed by two
          spaces.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: Affected by the lliisstt option.

     @@ bbuuffffeerr
     ** bbuuffffeerr
          Execute a buffer.  Each line in the  named  buffer
          is  executed  as  an  eexx command.  If no buffer is
          specified, or if the specified buffer  is  "@""  oorr
          ""**", the last buffer executed is used.

     [[rraannggee]] <<[[<< ......]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Shift  lines  left  or right.  The specified lines
          are shifted to the left (for  the  <<  command)  or
          right  (for  the  >>  command),  by  the  number of
          columns specified by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.   Only
          leading  whitespace  characters  are  deleted when
          shifting left; once the first column of  the  line
          contains  a  nonblank character, the sshhiifftt command
          will succeed, but the line will not be modified.

          If the command character << or >> is  repeated  more
          than  once,  the command is repeated once for each
          additional command character.

          Line:    If the current line is set to one of  the
                   lines  that  are affected by the command,










UUSSDD::1133--6644                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


                   it is unchanged.  Otherwise, it is set to
                   the  first nonblank character of the low-
                   est numbered line shifted.
          Options: Affected by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.

     [[lliinnee]] == [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display the line number of line ((wwhhiicchh ddeeffaauullttss ttoo
          tthhee llaasstt lliinnee iinn tthhee ffiillee))..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] >>[[>> ......]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Shift  right.   The specified lines are shifted to
          the right by the number of  columns  specified  by
          the  sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option, by inserting tab and space
          characters.  Empty lines are not changed.

          If the command character ">"" iiss rreeppeeaatteedd mmoorree tthhaann
          oonnccee,,  tthhee ccoommmmaanndd iiss rreeppeeaatteedd oonnccee ffoorr eeaacchh aaddddii--
          ttiioonnaall ccoommmmaanndd cchhaarraacctteerr..

          Line:    Set to the last line modified by the com-
                   mand.
          Options: Affected by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.

     aabb[[bbrreevv]] llhhss rrhhss
          Add  an  abbreviation  to the current abbreviation
          list.  When inserting text in vvii, each time a non-
          word  character is entered after a word character,
          a set of characters ending at the  word  character
          are  checked  for a match with lhs..  IIff aa mmaattcchh iiss
          ffoouunndd,, tthheeyy aarree rreeppllaacceedd wwiitthh  rrhhss.   The  set  of
          characters  that  are  checked  for  a  match  are
          defined as follows,  for  inexplicable  historical
          reasons.   If  only  one  or  two  characters were
          entered before the non-word character  that  trig-
          gered  the  check,  and after the beginning of the
          insertion, or the beginning of  the  line  or  the
          file,  or  the  last  <blank>  cchhaarraacctteerr  tthhaatt wwaass
          eenntteerreedd,, tthheenn tthhee oonnee oorr tthhee bbootthh  cchhaarraacctteerrss  aarree
          cchheecckkeedd  ffoorr aa mmaattcchh..  OOtthheerrwwiissee,, tthhee sseett iinncclluuddeess
          bbootthh cchhaarraacctteerrss,, aass wweellll aass  tthhee  cchhaarraacctteerrss  tthhaatt
          pprreecceeddee  tthheemm  tthhaatt  aarree tthhee ssaammee wwoorrdd ccllaassss ((ii..ee..
          wwoorrdd oorr nnoonn--wwoorrdd)) aass tthhee sseeccoonndd ttoo llaasstt  cchhaarraacctteerr
          eenntteerreedd  bbeeffoorree  tthhee nnoonn--wwoorrdd cchhaarraacctteerr tthhaatt ttrriigg--
          ggeerreedd tthhee cchheecckk,, bbaacckk ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt  <<bbllaannkk>>cchhaarraacc--
          tteerr,, tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff tthhee iinnsseerrttiioonn,, oorr tthhee bbeeggiinn--
          nniinngg ooff tthhee lliinnee oorr tthhee ffiillee..

          FFoorr eexxaammppllee,, tthhee aabbbbrreevviiaattiioonnss::












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6655


          ::aabbbbrreevviiaattee   aabbcc    AABBCC
          ::aabbbbrreevviiaattee   ##ii     ##iinncclluuddee
          ::aabbbbrreevviiaattee   //**##ii   //**##iinncclluuddee

          will all work, while the abbreviations:


          :abbreviate   a#i   A#include
          :abbreviate   /*    /********************

          will not work, and are not permitted by nnvvii.

          To keep the abbreviation expansion from happening,
          the  character immediately following the lhs cchhaarr--
          aacctteerrss sshhoouulldd  bbee  qquuootteedd  wwiitthh  aa  <<lliitteerraall--nneexxtt>>
          character.

          The replacement rhs iiss iittsseellff ssuubbjjeecctt ttoo bbootthh ffuurr--
          tthheerr aabbbbrreevviiaattiioonn eexxppaannssiioonn aanndd ffuurrtthheerr mmaapp eexxppaann--
          ssiioonn..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] aa[[ppppeenndd]][[!!]]
          The  input text is appended to the specified line.
          If line 0 is specified, the text  is  inserted  at
          the  beginning  of the file.  Set to the last line
          input.  If no lines are input, then set  to  line,,
          oorr  ttoo  tthhee  ffiirrsstt lliinnee ooff tthhee ffiillee iiff aa lliinnee of 0
          was specified.  Following the command name with  a
          "!""   cchhaarraacctteerr ccaauusseess tthhee aauuttooiinnddeenntt ooppttiioonn ttoo bbee
          ttoogggglleedd ffoorr tthhee dduurraattiioonn ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by  the  aauuttooiinnddeenntt  and  nnuummbbeerr
                   options.

     aarr[[ggss]]
          Display  the  argument list.  The current argument
          is displayed inside of  "[""  aanndd  ""]]"  characters.
          The  argument  list is the list of operands speci-
          fied on startup, which can be replaced  using  the
          nneexxtt command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     bbgg
          VVii mode only.  Background the current screen.  The
          screen is unchanged, but is no  longer  accessible
          and  disappears  from  the  display.   Use  the ffgg











UUSSDD::1133--6666                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          command to bring the screen back  to  the  display
          foreground.

          Line:    Set  to  the current line when the screen
                   was last edited.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] cc[[hhaannggee]][[!!]] [[ccoouunntt]]
          Replace the lines with input text.  Following  the
          command  name  with  a  "!""   cchhaarraacctteerr ccaauusseess tthhee
          aauuttooiinnddeenntt ooppttiioonn ttoo bbee ttoogggglleedd ffoorr  tthhee  dduurraattiioonn
          ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd..

          Line:    Set  to  the  last  line input, or, if no
                   lines were input, set to the line  before
                   the  target line, or to the first line of
                   the file if there are no lines  preceding
                   the target line.
          Options: Affected  by  the  aauuttooiinnddeenntt  and nnuummbbeerr
                   options.

     cchhdd[[iirr]][[!!]] [[ddiirreeccttoorryy]]
     ccdd[[!!]] [[ddiirreeccttoorryy]]
          Change the current working directory.  The  direc-
          tory  aarrgguummeenntt  iiss  ssuubbjjeecctteedd ttoo _s_h((11)) wwoorrdd eexxppaann--
          ssiioonnss..  WWhheenn iinnvvookkeedd wwiitthh  nnoo  ddiirreeccttoorryy  aarrgguummeenntt
          aanndd  tthhee  HHOOMMEE  _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t  _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e  _i_s _s_e_t_, _t_h_e
          _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _n_a_m_e_d _b_y _t_h_e _H_O_M_E  eennvviirroonnmmeenntt  vvaarriiaabbllee
          bbeeccoommeess tthhee nneeww ccuurrrreenntt ddiirreeccttoorryy..  OOtthheerrwwiissee,, tthhee
          nneeww  ccuurrrreenntt  ddiirreeccttoorryy  bbeeccoommeess   tthhee   ddiirreeccttoorryy
          rreettuurrnneedd bbyy tthhee _g_e_t_p_w_e_n_t((33)) rroouuttiinnee..

          TThhee  cchhddiirr  ccoommmmaanndd wwiillll ffaaiill iiff tthhee ffiillee hhaass bbeeeenn
          mmooddiiffiieedd ssiinnccee tthhee  llaasstt  ccoommpplleettee  wwrriittee  ooff  tthhee
          ffiillee..   YYoouu ccaann oovveerrrriiddee tthhiiss cchheecckk bbyy aappppeennddiinngg aa
          ""!!""  cchhaarraacctteerr ttoo tthhee ccoommmmaanndd..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the ccddppaatthh option.

     [[rraannggee]] ccoo[[ppyy]] lliinnee [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]] tt lliinnee [[ffllaaggss]]
          Copy the specified lines (range) after the  desti-
          nation  line.   Line  0 may be specified to insert
          the lines at the beginning of the file.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ccss[[ccooppee]] ccoommmmaanndd [[aarrggss]]
          Execute a ccssccooppee command.  For  more  information,
          see  the  section of the reference manual entitled
          "TTaaggss,, TTaagg SSttaacckkss,, aanndd CCssccooppee".










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6677


     [[rraannggee]] dd[[eelleettee]] [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Delete the lines from the file.  The deleted  text
          is saved in the specified buffer, or, if no buffer
          is specified, in the unnamed buffer.  If the  com-
          mand  name  is  followed by a letter that could be
          interpreted as either a  buffer  name  or  a  flag
          value  (because  neither  a  count oorr ffllaaggss values
          were given), eexx treats the letter as a flags vvaalluuee
          iiff  tthhee  lleetttteerr  iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy  ffoolllloowwss  tthhee ccoommmmaanndd
          nnaammee,, wwiitthhoouutt aannyy wwhhiitteessppaaccee sseeppaarraattiioonn..   IIff  tthhee
          lleetttteerr  iiss  pprreecceeddeedd  bbyy wwhhiitteessppaaccee cchhaarraacctteerrss,, iitt
          ttrreeaattss iitt aass aa bbuuffffeerr nnaammee..

          Line:    Set to the  line  following  the  deleted
                   lines, or to the last line if the deleted
                   lines were at the end.
          Options: None.

     ddii[[ssppllaayy]] bb[[uuffffeerrss]] || cc[[oonnnneeccttiioonnss]] || ss[[ccrreeeennss]] ||
          tt[[aaggss]]
          Display  buffers,  ccssccooppee  connections, screens or
          tags.  The ddiissppllaayy  command  takes  one  of  three
          additional arguments, which are as follows:

          b[uffers]
                   Display  all  buffers  (including  named,
                   unnamed, and numeric) that contain  text.
          c[onnections]
                   Display  the  source  directories for all
                   attached ccssccooppee databases.
          s[creens]
                   Display the file names of all  background
                   screens.
          t[ags]   Display the tags stack.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ee[[ddiitt]][[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]
     eexx[[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]
          Edit  a different file.  If the current buffer has
          been modified since the last complete  write,  the
          command  will  fail.   You  can  override  this by
          appending a "!""  cchhaarraacctteerr ttoo tthhee ccoommmmaanndd nnaammee..

          IIff tthhee ""++ccmmdd" option is specified, that eexx command
          will  be executed in the new file.  Any eexx command
          may be used, although the most common use of  this
          feature is to specify a line number or search pat-
          tern to set the initial location in the new  file.

          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          EEddiitt or EExx, while in vvii mode, will edit  the  file










UUSSDD::1133--6688                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          in  a new screen.  In this case, any modifications
          to the current file are ignored.

          Line:    If you have previously edited  the  file,
                   the current line will be set to your last
                   position in the file.  If  that  position
                   does  not  exist,  or you have not previ-
                   ously edited the file, the  current  line
                   will be set to the first line of the file
                   if you are in vvii mode, and the last  line
                   of the file if you are in eexx.
          Options: None.

     eexxuu[[ssaaggee]] [[ccoommmmaanndd]]
          Display  usage  for  an eexx command.  If command iiss
          ssppeecciiffiieedd,, aa uussaaggee ssttaatteemmeenntt ffoorr tthhaatt  ccoommmmaanndd  iiss
          ddiissppllaayyeedd..  OOtthheerrwwiissee,, uussaaggee ssttaatteemmeennttss ffoorr aallll eexx
          ccoommmmaannddss aarree ddiissppllaayyeedd..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ff[[iillee]] [[ffiillee]]
          Display and optionally change the file name.  If a
          file  name  is  specified, the current pathname is
          changed to the specified name.  The current  path-
          name,  the  number of lines, and the current posi-
          tion in the file are displayed.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ffgg [[nnaammee]]
          VVii mode only.  Foreground  the  specified  screen.
          If  the  argument  name  doesn't exactly match the
          name of a file displayed by a  background  screen,
          it  is compared against the last component of each
          of the file names.  If  no  background  screen  is
          specified,  the  first  background screen is fore-
          grounded.

          By  default,  foregrounding  causes  the   current
          screen to be swapped with the backgrounded screen.
          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          FFgg,  will  foreground the backgrounded screen in a
          new screen instead of swapping it with the current
          screen.

          Line:    Set  to  the current line when the screen
                   was last edited.
          Options: None.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6699


     [[rraannggee]] gg[[lloobbaall]] //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ccoommmmaannddss]]
     [[rraannggee]] vv //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ccoommmmaannddss]]
          Apply commands to lines matching (or not matching)
          a  pattern.  The lines within the given range that
          match ("g[lobal]"")),, oorr  ddoo  nnoott  mmaattcchh  ((""vv")  the
          given  pattern  are selected.  Then, the specified
          eexx command(s) are executed with the  current  line
          (".""))   sseett ttoo eeaacchh sseelleecctteedd lliinnee..  IIff nnoo rraannggee iiss
          ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee eennttiirree ffiillee iiss sseeaarrcchheedd ffoorr  mmaattcchh--
          iinngg,, oorr nnoott mmaattcchhiinngg,, lliinneess..

          MMuullttiippllee  ccoommmmaannddss ccaann bbee ssppeecciiffiieedd,, oonnee ppeerr lliinnee,,
          bbyy eessccaappiinngg eeaacchh <<nneewwlliinnee>> character with a  back-
          slash,  or by separating commands with a "|"" cchhaarr--
          aacctteerr..  IIff nnoo ccoommmmaannddss aarree ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee  ccoommmmaanndd
          ddeeffaauullttss ttoo tthhee pprriinntt ccoommmmaanndd..

          FFoorr  tthhee  aappppeenndd,,  cchhaannggee aanndd iinnsseerrtt ccoommmmaannddss,, tthhee
          iinnppuutt tteexxtt mmuusstt bbee  ppaarrtt  ooff  tthhee  gglloobbaall  ccoommmmaanndd
          lliinnee..  IInn tthhiiss ccaassee,, tthhee tteerrmmiinnaattiinngg ppeerriioodd ccaann bbee
          oommiitttteedd iiff iitt eennddss tthhee ccoommmmaannddss..

          TThhee vviissuuaall ccoommmmaanndd mmaayy aallssoo bbee ssppeecciiffiieedd aass oonnee ooff
          tthhee  eexx  ccoommmmaannddss..   IInn  tthhiiss mmooddee,, iinnppuutt iiss ttaakkeenn
          ffrroomm tthhee tteerrmmiinnaall..  EEnntteerriinngg aa  QQ  ccoommmmaanndd  iinn  vvii
          mmooddee  ccaauusseess tthhee nneexxtt lliinnee mmaattcchhiinngg tthhee ppaatttteerrnn ttoo
          bbee sseelleecctteedd aanndd vvii ttoo bbee rreeeenntteerreedd,, uunnttiill tthhee lliisstt
          iiss eexxhhaauusstteedd..

          TThhee  gglloobbaall,, vv aanndd uunnddoo ccoommmmaannddss ccaannnnoott bbee uusseedd aass
          ppaarrtt ooff tthheessee ccoommmmaannddss..

          TThhee  eeddiittoorr  ooppttiioonnss  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,,  aauuttoopprriinntt   aanndd
          rreeppoorrtt  aarree  ttuurrnneedd  ooffff  ffoorr  tthhee dduurraattiioonn ooff tthhee
          gglloobbaall aanndd vv ccoommmmaannddss..

          Line:    The last line modified.
          Options: Affected  by  the  iiggnnoorreeccaassee  and  mmaaggiicc
                   options.  Turns off the aauuttooiinnddeenntt, aauuttoo--
                   pprriinntt and rreeppoorrtt options.

     hhee[[llpp]]
          Display a help message.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] ii[[nnsseerrtt]][[!!]]
          The input text is inserted  before  the  specified
          line.   Following  the  command  name  with  a "!""
          cchhaarraacctteerr ccaauusseess tthhee aauuttooiinnddeenntt ooppttiioonn sseettttiinngg  ttoo
          bbee ttoogggglleedd ffoorr tthhee dduurraattiioonn ooff tthhiiss ccoommmmaanndd..











UUSSDD::1133--7700                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          Line:    Set  to  the last line input; if no lines
                   were input, set to the  line  before  the
                   target  line, or to the first line of the
                   file if there are no lines preceding  the
                   target  line.  Affected by the aauuttooiinnddeenntt
                   and nnuummbbeerr options.

     [[rraannggee]] jj[[ooiinn]][[!!]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Join lines of text together.

          A count ssppeecciiffiieedd ttoo tthhee  ccoommmmaanndd  ssppeecciiffiieess  tthhaatt
          tthhee  llaasstt  lliinnee ooff tthhee rraannggee plus count ssuubbsseeqquueenntt
          lliinneess wwiillll bbee jjooiinneedd..  ((NNoottee,, tthhiiss ddiiffffeerrss bbyy  oonnee
          ffrroomm tthhee ggeenneerraall rruullee wwhheerree oonnllyy ccoouunntt- subsequent
          lines are affected.)

          If the current line ends with a whitespace charac-
          ter,  all  whitespace  is  stripped  from the next
          line.  Otherwise, if the next line starts  with  a
          open parenthesis ("("")),, ddoo nnootthhiinngg..  OOtthheerrwwiissee,, iiff
          tthhee ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee eennddss wwiitthh aa qquueessttiioonn mmaarrkk  ((""??"),
          period  (".""))   oorr eexxccllaammaattiioonn ppooiinntt ((""!!"), insert
          two spaces.  Otherwise, insert a single space.

          Appending a "!""  cchhaarraacctteerr  ttoo  tthhee  ccoommmmaanndd  nnaammee
          ccaauusseess aa ssiimmpplleerr jjooiinn wwiitthh nnoo wwhhiittee--ssppaaccee pprroocceessss--
          iinngg..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] ll[[iisstt]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display the lines unambiguously.   Tabs  are  dis-
          played  as "^I"",, aanndd tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee lliinnee iiss mmaarrkkeedd
          wwiitthh aa ""$$" character.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: Affected by the nnuummbbeerr option.

     mmaapp[[!!]] [[llhhss rrhhss]]
          Define or display maps (for vvii only).

          If "lhs"" aanndd ""rrhhss" are not specified, the  current
          set  of command mode maps are displayed.  If a "!""
          cchhaarraacctteerr iiss aappppeennddeedd ttoo ttoo tthhee ccoommmmaanndd,, tthhee  tteexxtt
          iinnppuutt mmooddee mmaappss aarree ddiissppllaayyeedd..

          OOtthheerrwwiissee,,  wwhheenn  tthhee  ""llhhss" character sequence is
          entered in vvii, the action is as if the correspond-
          ing  "rhs""  hhaadd bbeeeenn eenntteerreedd..  IIff aa ""!!"  character
          is appended to the command name,  the  mapping  is
          effective during text input mode, otherwise, it is
          effective during command mode.  This allows  "lhs""










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--7711


          ttoo  hhaavvee  ttwwoo  ddiiffffeerreenntt  mmaaccrroo ddeeffiinniittiioonnss aatt tthhee
          ssaammee ttiimmee:: oonnee ffoorr ccoommmmaanndd mmooddee aanndd oonnee ffoorr  iinnppuutt
          mmooddee..

          WWhhiitteessppaaccee  cchhaarraacctteerrss  rreeqquuiirree  eessccaappiinngg  wwiitthh  aa
          <<lliitteerraall--nneexxtt>> character to be entered in the  lhs
          ssttrriinngg iinn vviissuuaall mmooddee..

          NNoorrmmaallllyy,, kkeeyyss iinn tthhee rrhhss string are remapped (see
          the rreemmaapp option), and it is  possible  to  create
          infinite  loops.  However, keys which map to them-
          selves are not further remapped, regardless of the
          setting  of  the  rreemmaapp  option.  For example, the
          command ":map n nz.""  mmaappss tthhee ""nn" key  to  the  nn
          and zz commands.

          To  exit an infinitely looping map, use the termi-
          nal <interrupt> cchhaarraacctteerr..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the rreemmaapp option.

     [[lliinnee]] mmaa[[rrkk]] <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     [[lliinnee]] kk <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
          Mark the line  with  the  mark  <character>..   TThhee
          eexxpprreessssiioonnss  ""''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>" and "`<character>"" ccaann
          tthheenn bbee uusseedd aass aann aaddddrreessss  iinn  aannyy  ccoommmmaanndd  tthhaatt
          uusseess oonnee..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] mm[[oovvee]] lliinnee
          Move the specified lines after the target line.  A
          target line of 0 places the lines at the beginning
          of the file.

          Line:    Set to the first of the moved lines.
          Options: None.

     mmkk[[eexxrrcc]][[!!]] ffiillee
          Write  the  abbreviations, editor options and maps
          to the specified file.  Information is written  in
          a  form  which can later be read back in using the
          eexx ssoouurrccee command.  If file  aallrreeaaddyy  eexxiissttss,,  tthhee
          mmkkeexxrrcc ccoommmmaanndd wwiillll ffaaiill..  TThhiiss cchheecckk ccaann bbee oovveerr--
          rriiddddeenn bbyy aappppeennddiinngg aa ""!!""  cchhaarraacctteerr ttoo  tthhee  ccoomm--
          mmaanndd..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.












UUSSDD::1133--7722                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


     nn[[eexxtt]][[!!]] [[ffiillee ......]]
          Edit  the  next  file from the argument list.  The
          nneexxtt command will fail if the file has been  modi-
          fied  since  the  last complete write.  This check
          can be overridden by appending the "!""   cchhaarraacctteerr
          ttoo  tthhee  ccoommmmaanndd  nnaammee..   TThhee  aarrgguummeenntt  lliisstt  ccaann
          ooppttiioonnaallllyy bbee rreeppllaacceedd bbyy ssppeecciiffyyiinngg aa nneeww oonnee  aass
          aarrgguummeennttss  ttoo tthhiiss ccoommmmaanndd..  IInn tthhiiss ccaassee,, eeddiittiinngg
          ssttaarrttss wwiitthh tthhee ffiirrsstt ffiillee oonn tthhee nneeww lliisstt..

          CCaappiittaalliizziinngg tthhee ffiirrsstt lleetttteerr ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd,, ii..ee..
          NNeexxtt,, wwhhiillee iinn vvii mmooddee,, wwiillll sseett tthhee aarrgguummeenntt lliisstt
          aanndd eeddiitt tthhee ffiillee iinn aa nneeww ssccrreeeenn..  IInn tthhiiss  ccaassee,,
          aannyy mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonnss ttoo tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ffiillee aarree iiggnnoorreedd..

          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: Affected by  the  options  aauuttoowwrriittee  and
                   wwrriitteeaannyy.

     [[lliinnee]] oo[[ppeenn]] //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ffllaaggss]]
          Enter  open  mode.  Open mode is the same as being
          in vvii, but with a one-line window.  All the  stan-
          dard  vvii  commands  are  available.  If a match is
          found for the optional RE argument, the cursor  is
          set to the start of the matching pattern.

          _T_h_i_s _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

          Line:    Unchanged,  unless  the  optional  RE  is
                   specified, in which case it is set to the
                   line where the matching pattern is found.
          Options: Affected by the ooppeenn option.

     pprree[[sseerrvvee]]
          Save the file in a form that can later  be  recov-
          ered  using  the  eexx  --rr option.  When the file is
          preserved, an email message is sent to the user.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     pprreevv[[iioouuss]][[!!]]
          Edit the previous file  from  the  argument  list.
          The  pprreevviioouuss  command  will  fail if the file has
          been modified since the last complete write.  This
          check  can  be  overridden  by  appending  the "!""
          cchhaarraacctteerr ttoo tthhee ccoommmmaanndd nnaammee..

          CCaappiittaalliizziinngg tthhee ffiirrsstt lleetttteerr ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd,, ii..ee..
          PPrreevviioouuss,,  wwhhiillee iinn vvii mmooddee,, wwiillll eeddiitt tthhee ffiillee iinn
          aa nneeww ssccrreeeenn..  IInn tthhiiss ccaassee,, aannyy mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonnss  ttoo
          tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ffiillee aarree iiggnnoorreedd..











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--7733


          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: Affected  by  the  options  aauuttoowwrriittee and
                   wwrriitteeaannyy.  None.

     [[rraannggee]] pp[[rriinntt]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display the specified lines.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: Affected by the lliisstt and nnuummbbeerr option.

     [[lliinnee]] ppuu[[tt]] [[bbuuffffeerr]]
          Append buffer contents to the current line.  If  a
          buffer  is specified, its contents are appended to
          the line, otherwise, the contents of  the  unnamed
          buffer are used.

          Line:    Set to the line after the current line.
          Options: None.

     qq[[uuiitt]][[!!]]
          End  the  editing  session.   If the file has been
          modified since the last complete write,  the  qquuiitt
          command  will  fail.  This check may be overridden
          by appending a "!""  cchhaarraacctteerr ttoo tthhee ccoommmmaanndd..

          IIff tthheerree aarree mmoorree ffiilleess ttoo eeddiitt,, tthhee qquuiitt  ccoommmmaanndd
          wwiillll ffaaiill..  AAppppeennddiinngg aa ""!!""  cchhaarraacctteerr ttoo tthhee ccoomm--
          mmaanndd nnaammee oorr eenntteerriinngg ttwwoo qquuiitt ccoommmmaannddss ((ii..ee..  wwqq,,
          qquuiitt,,  xxiitt  oorr  ZZZZ))  iinn  aa rrooww)) wwiillll oovveerrrriiddee tthhiiss
          cchheecckk aanndd tthhee eeddiittoorr wwiillll eexxiitt..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] rr[[eeaadd]][[!!]] [[ffiillee]]
          Read a file.  A copy  of  the  specified  file  is
          appended  to  the line.  If line iiss 00,, tthhee ccooppyy iiss
          iinnsseerrtteedd aatt tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff tthhee ffiillee..  IIff nnoo ffiillee
          iiss  ssppeecciiffiieedd,,  tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ffiillee iiss rreeaadd;; iiff tthheerree
          iiss nnoo ccuurrrreenntt ffiillee,, tthheenn ffiillee becomes the  current
          file.   If there is no current file and no file iiss
          ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthheenn tthhee rreeaadd ccoommmmaanndd wwiillll ffaaiill..

          IIff ffiillee iiss pprreecceeddeedd bbyy aa ""!!""  cchhaarraacctteerr,,  ffiillee  iiss
          ttrreeaatteedd  aass iiff iitt wweerree aa sshheellll ccoommmmaanndd,, aanndd ppaasssseedd
          ttoo tthhee pprrooggrraamm nnaammeedd bbyy  tthhee  sshheellll  eeddiitt  ooppttiioonn..
          TThhee  ssttaannddaarrdd  aanndd  ssttaannddaarrdd eerrrroorr oouuttppuuttss ooff tthhaatt
          ccoommmmaanndd aarree rreeaadd iinnttoo tthhee ffiillee aafftteerr tthhee ssppeecciiffiieedd
          lliinnee..   TThhee  ssppeecciiaall mmeeaanniinngg ooff tthhee ""!!""  cchhaarraacctteerr
          ccaann bbee oovveerrrriiddddeenn bbyy eessccaappiinngg iitt wwiitthh aa  bbaacckkssllaasshh
          ((""\\"")) cchhaarraacctteerr..












UUSSDD::1133--7744                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          Line:    When  executed  from eexx, the current line
                   is set to the last line read.  When  exe-
                   cuted from vvii, the current line is set to
                   the first line read.
          Options: None.

     rreecc[[oovveerr]] ffiillee
          Recover file iiff iitt wwaass pprreevviioouussllyy  ssaavveedd..   IIff  nnoo
          ssaavveedd  ffiillee  bbyy tthhaatt nnaammee eexxiissttss,, tthhee rreeccoovveerr ccoomm--
          mmaanndd bbeehhaavveess eeqquuiivvaalleennttllyy ttoo tthhee eeddiitt ccoommmmaanndd..

          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: None.

     rreess[[iizzee]] [[++||--]]ssiizzee
          VVii mode only.  Grow or shrink the current  screen.
          If  size iiss aa ppoossiittiivvee,, ssiiggnneedd nnuummbbeerr,, tthhee ccuurrrreenntt
          ssccrreeeenn iiss ggrroowwnn bbyy tthhaatt mmaannyy lliinneess..  IIff ssiizzee is  a
          negative,  signed  number,  the  current screen is
          shrunk by that many lines.  If size iiss nnoott ssiiggnneedd,,
          tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  ssccrreeeenn iiss sseett ttoo tthhee ssppeecciiffiieedd ssiizzee.
          Applicable only to split screens.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     rreeww[[iinndd]][[!!]]
          Rewind the argument list.  If the current file has
          been  modified  since the last complete write, the
          rreewwiinndd command will fail.  This check may be over-
          ridden by appending the "!""  cchhaarraacctteerr ttoo tthhee ccoomm--
          mmaanndd..

          OOtthheerrwwiissee,, tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ffiillee iiss sseett  ttoo  tthhee  ffiirrsstt
          ffiillee iinn tthhee aarrgguummeenntt lliisstt..

          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: Affected  by  the  aauuttoowwrriittee and wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

          [[aallll]]
     ssee[[tt]] [[ooppttiioonn[[==[[vvaalluuee]]]] ......]] [[nnooooppttiioonn  ......]]  [[ooppttiioonn??
          ......]]
          Display or set editor options.  When no  arguments
          are  specified,  the  editor  option tteerrmm, and any
          editor options whose values have been changed from
          the  default settings are displayed.  If the argu-
          ment all iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee vvaalluueess ooff aallll ooff eeddiittoorr
          ooppttiioonnss aarree ddiissppllaayyeedd..

          SSppeecciiffyyiinngg  aann ooppttiioonn nnaammee ffoolllloowweedd bbyy tthhee cchhaarraacc--
          tteerr ""??"  causes the current value of  that  option
          to  be  displayed.  The "?""  ccaann bbee sseeppaarraatteedd ffrroomm










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--7755


          tthhee ooppttiioonn nnaammee bbyy wwhhiitteessppaaccee cchhaarraacctteerrss..  TThhee ""??"
          is  necessary  only  for  Boolean  valued options.
          Boolean options can be given values  by  the  form
          "set option"" ttoo ttuurrnn tthheemm oonn,, oorr ""sseett nnooooppttiioonn" to
          turn them off.  String and numeric options can  be
          assigned  by  the  form  "set  option=value""..  AAnnyy
          wwhhiitteessppaaccee cchhaarraacctteerrss iinn ssttrriinnggss ccaann  bbee  iinncclluuddeedd
          lliitteerraallllyy  bbyy  pprreecceeddiinngg  eeaacchh  wwiitthh  aa bbaacckkssllaasshh..
          MMoorree tthhaann oonnee ooppttiioonn ccaann bbee sseett  oorr  lliisstteedd  bbyy  aa
          ssiinnggllee  sseett  ccoommmmaanndd,, bbyy ssppeecciiffyyiinngg mmuullttiippllee aarrgguu--
          mmeennttss,, eeaacchh sseeppaarraatteedd ffrroomm tthhee nneexxtt bbyy  wwhhiitteessppaaccee
          cchhaarraacctteerrss..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     sshh[[eellll]]
          Run  the  shell program.  The program named by the
          sshheellll option is run with a  --ii  (for  interactive)
          flag.  Editing is resumed when that program exits.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the sshheellll option.

     ssoo[[uurrccee]] ffiillee
          Read and execute eexx commands from a file.   SSoouurrccee
          commands may be nested.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

          [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]]  ss[[uubbssttiittuuttee]]  [[//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppllaaccee//]] [[ooppttiioonnss]]
          [[ccoouunntt]]
     [[rraannggee]] && [[ooppttiioonnss]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]] ~~ [[ooppttiioonnss]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Make substitutions.  Replace the first instance of
          pattern wwiitthh tthhee ssttrriinngg rreeppllaaccee on  the  specified
          line(s).   If the "/pattern/repl/"" aarrgguummeenntt iiss nnoott
          ssppeecciiffiieedd,, tthhee ""//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppll//" from the  previous
          ssuubbssttiittuuttee  command  is used.  Any character other
          than an alphabetic, numeric, <blank> or  backslash
          character may be used as the delimiter.

          If  options iinncclluuddeess tthhee lleetttteerr ""cc" (confirm), you
          will be  prompted  for  confirmation  before  each
          replacement  is done.  An affirmative response (in
          English, a "y"" cchhaarraacctteerr)) ccaauusseess  tthhee  rreeppllaacceemmeenntt
          ttoo  bbee  mmaaddee..   AA qquuiitt rreessppoonnssee ((iinn EEnngglliisshh,, aa ""qq"
          character) causes the  ssuubbssttiittuuttee  command  to  be
          terminated.    Any   other   response  causes  the
          replacement not to be  made,  and  the  ssuubbssttiittuuttee
          command continues.  If options iinncclluuddeess tthhee lleetttteerr










UUSSDD::1133--7766                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          ""gg" (global), all nonoverlapping instances of pat-
          tern iinn tthhee lliinnee aarree rreeppllaacceedd..

          TThhee  &&  vveerrssiioonn  ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd iiss tthhee ssaammee aass nnoott
          ssppeecciiffyyiinngg aa ppaatttteerrnn oorr rreeppllaacceemmeenntt ssttrriinngg ttoo  tthhee
          ssuubbssttiittuuttee ccoommmmaanndd,, aanndd tthhee ""&&"" iiss rreeppllaacceedd bbyy tthhee
          ppaatttteerrnn aanndd rreeppllaacceemmeenntt iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ffrroomm tthhee  pprree--
          vviioouuss ssuubbssttiittuuttee ccoommmmaanndd..

          TThhee  ~~ vveerrssiioonn ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd iiss tthhee ssaammee aass && aanndd
          ss,, eexxcceepptt tthhaatt tthhee sseeaarrcchh ppaatttteerrnn uusseedd iiss tthhee llaasstt
          RREE  uusseedd  iinn  _a_n_y ccoommmmaanndd,, nnoott nneecceessssaarriillyy tthhee oonnee
          uusseedd iinn tthhee llaasstt ssuubbssttiittuuttee ccoommmmaanndd..

          FFoorr eexxaammppllee,, iinn tthhee sseeqquueennccee

              ss//rreedd//bblluuee//
              //ggrreeeenn
              ~~

          the "~"" iiss eeqquuiivvaalleenntt ttoo ""ss//ggrreeeenn//bblluuee//".

          The ssuubbssttiittuuttee command may be  interrupted,  using
          the  terminal  interrupt character.  All substitu-
          tions completed before the interrupt are retained.

          Line:    Set to the last line upon which a substi-
                   tution was made.
          Options: Affected  by  the  iiggnnoorreeccaassee  and  mmaaggiicc
                   option.

     ssuu[[ssppeenndd]][[!!]]
     sstt[[oopp]][[!!]]
     <<ccoonnttrrooll--ZZ>>
          Suspend  the edit session.  Appending a "!""  cchhaarr--
          aacctteerr ttoo tthheessee ccoommmmaannddss ttuurrnnss  ooffff  tthhee  aauuttoowwrriittee
          ooppttiioonn ffoorr tthhee ccoommmmaanndd..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected  by  the  aauuttoowwrriittee and wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     ttaa[[gg]][[!!]] ttaaggssttrriinngg
          Edit the file containing the  specified  tag.   If
          the  tag is in a different file, then the new file
          is edited.  If the current file has been  modified
          since  the  last  complete  write, the ttaagg command
          will  fail.   This  check  can  be  overridden  by
          appending  the "!""  cchhaarraacctteerr ttoo tthhee ccoommmmaanndd nnaammee..

          TThhee ttaagg ccoommmmaanndd sseeaarrcchheess ffoorr ttaaggssttrriinngg iinn tthhee ttaaggss
          ffiillee((ss))  ssppeecciiffiieedd  bbyy  tthhee ooppttiioonn..  ((SSeeee _c_t_a_g_s((11))
          ffoorr mmoorree iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn oonn ttaaggss ffiilleess..))










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--7777


          CCaappiittaalliizziinngg tthhee ffiirrsstt lleetttteerr ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd,, ii..ee..
          TTaagg,, wwhhiillee iinn vvii mmooddee,, wwiillll eeddiitt tthhee ffiillee iinn aa nneeww
          ssccrreeeenn..  IInn tthhiiss ccaassee,, aannyy  mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonnss  ttoo  tthhee
          ccuurrrreenntt ffiillee aarree iiggnnoorreedd..

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected  by  the  aauuttoowwrriittee,  ttaagglleennggtthh,
                   ttaaggss and wwrriitteeaannyy options.

     ttaaggnn[[eexxtt]][[!!]]
          Edit the file containing the next context for  the
          current  tag.   If  the  context is in a different
          file, then the new file is edited.  If the current
          file  has  been  modified  since the last complete
          write, the ttaaggnneexxtt command will fail.  This  check
          can  be overridden by appending the "!""  cchhaarraacctteerr
          ttoo tthhee ccoommmmaanndd nnaammee..

          CCaappiittaalliizziinngg tthhee ffiirrsstt lleetttteerr ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd,, ii..ee..
          TTaaggnneexxtt,, wwhhiillee iinn vvii mmooddee,, wwiillll eeddiitt tthhee ffiillee iinn aa
          nneeww ssccrreeeenn..  IInn tthhiiss ccaassee,,  aannyy  mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonnss  ttoo
          tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ffiillee aarree iiggnnoorreedd..

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected  by  the  aauuttoowwrriittee and wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     ttaaggpp[[oopp]][[!!]] [[ffiillee || nnuummbbeerr]]
          Pop to the specified tag in the  tags  stack.   If
          neither  file  oorr  nnuummbbeerr is specified, the ttaaggppoopp
          command pops to the most recent entry on the  tags
          stack.  If file oorr nnuummbbeerr is specified, the ttaaggppoopp
          command pops to the most recent entry in the  tags
          stack for that file, or numbered entry in the tags
          stack, respectively.  (See the ddiissppllaayy command for
          information on displaying the tags stack.)

          If  the file has been modified since the last com-
          plete write, the ttaaggppoopp command will  fail.   This
          check  may be overridden by appending a "!""  cchhaarr--
          aacctteerr ttoo tthhee ccoommmmaanndd nnaammee..

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected by the  aauuttoowwrriittee  and  wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     ttaaggpp[[rreevv]][[!!]]
          Edit  the file containing the previous context for
          the current tag.  If the context is in a different
          file, then the new file is edited.  If the current
          file has been modified  since  the  last  complete
          write,  the ttaaggpprreevv command will fail.  This check
          can be overridden by appending the "!""   cchhaarraacctteerr










UUSSDD::1133--7788                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          ttoo tthhee ccoommmmaanndd nnaammee..

          CCaappiittaalliizziinngg tthhee ffiirrsstt lleetttteerr ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd,, ii..ee..
          TTaaggpprreevv,, wwhhiillee iinn vvii mmooddee,, wwiillll eeddiitt tthhee ffiillee iinn aa
          nneeww  ssccrreeeenn..   IInn  tthhiiss ccaassee,, aannyy mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonnss ttoo
          tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ffiillee aarree iiggnnoorreedd..

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected by the  aauuttoowwrriittee  and  wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     ttaaggtt[[oopp]][[!!]]
          Pop  to  the  least  recent tag on the tags stack,
          clearing the tags stack.

          If the file has been modified since the last  com-
          plete  write,  the ttaaggttoopp command will fail.  This
          check may be overridden by appending a "!""   cchhaarr--
          aacctteerr ttoo tthhee ccoommmmaanndd nnaammee..

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected  by  the  aauuttoowwrriittee and wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     uunnaa[[bbbbrreevv]] llhhss
          Delete an abbreviation.  Delete lhs ffrroomm tthhee  ccuurr--
          rreenntt lliisstt ooff aabbbbrreevviiaattiioonnss..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     uu[[nnddoo]]
          Undo  the  last  change made to the file.  Changes
          made by gglloobbaall, vv, vviissuuaall and  map  sequences  are
          considered  a  single command.  If repeated, the uu
          command alternates between these two  states,  and
          is its own inverse.

          Line:    Set to the last line modified by the com-
                   mand.
          Options: None.

     uunnmm[[aapp]][[!!]] llhhss
          Unmap a mapped string.  Delete  the  command  mode
          map  definition  for  lhs..  IIff aa ""!!"  character is
          appended to the  command  name,  delete  the  text
          input mode map definition instead.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     vvee[[rrssiioonn]]
          Display the version of the eexx//vvii editor.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--7799


     [[lliinnee]] vvii[[ssuuaall]] [[ttyyppee]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          EExx  mode  only.   Enter vvii.  The type iiss ooppttiioonnaall,,
          aanndd ccaann bbee ""--", "+"" oorr ""^^", as in the  eexx  zz  com-
          mand,  to  specify  the  position of the specified
          line in the screen window.   (The  default  is  to
          place  the  line at the top of the screen window.)
          A count ssppeecciiffiieess tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff  lliinneess  tthhaatt  wwiillll
          iinniittiiaallllyy bbee ddiissppllaayyeedd..  ((TThhee ddeeffaauulltt iiss tthhee vvaalluuee
          ooff tthhee wwiinnddooww eeddiittoorr ooppttiioonn..))

          Line:    Unchanged unless line  iiss  ssppeecciiffiieedd,,  iinn
                   wwhhiicchh ccaassee iitt iiss sseett ttoo tthhaatt lliinnee..
          Options: None.

     vvii[[ssuuaall]][[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]
          VVii  mode only.  Edit a new file.  Identical to the
          "edit[!] [+cmd] [file]"" ccoommmmaanndd..

          CCaappiittaalliizziinngg tthhee ffiirrsstt lleetttteerr ooff tthhee ccoommmmaanndd,, ii..ee..
          VViissuuaall,,  wwiillll  eeddiitt  tthhee ffiillee iinn aa nneeww ssccrreeeenn..  IInn
          tthhiiss ccaassee,, aannyy mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonnss ttoo tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  ffiillee
          aarree iiggnnoorreedd..

     vviiuu[[ssaaggee]] [[ccoommmmaanndd]]
          Display  usage  for  a  vvii command.  If command iiss
          ssppeecciiffiieedd,, aa uussaaggee ssttaatteemmeenntt ffoorr tthhaatt  ccoommmmaanndd  iiss
          ddiissppllaayyeedd..  OOtthheerrwwiissee,, uussaaggee ssttaatteemmeennttss ffoorr aallll vvii
          ccoommmmaannddss aarree ddiissppllaayyeedd..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] ww[[rriittee]][[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]
     [[rraannggee]] ww[[rriittee]] [[!!]] [[ffiillee]]
     [[rraannggee]] wwnn[[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]
     [[rraannggee]] wwqq[[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]
          Write the file.  The specified lines  (the  entire
          file,  if  no  range is given) is written to file..
          IIff ffiillee is not specified, the current pathname  is
          used.   If file iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,, aanndd iitt eexxiissttss,, oorr iiff
          tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ppaatthhnnaammee wwaass sseett uussiinngg tthhee  ffiillee  ccoomm--
          mmaanndd,,  aanndd tthhee ffiillee aallrreeaaddyy eexxiissttss,, tthheessee ccoommmmaannddss
          wwiillll ffaaiill..  AAppppeennddiinngg aa ""!!""  cchhaarraacctteerr ttoo tthhee ccoomm--
          mmaanndd  nnaammee  wwiillll oovveerrrriiddee tthhiiss cchheecckk aanndd tthhee wwrriittee
          wwiillll bbee aatttteemmpptteedd,, rreeggaarrddlleessss..

          SSppeecciiffyyiinngg tthhee ooppttiioonnaall "">>>>"" ssttrriinngg wwiillll ccaauussee tthhee
          wwrriittee ttoo bbee aappppeennddeedd ttoo tthhee ffiillee,, iinn wwhhiicchh ccaassee nnoo
          tteessttss aarree mmaaddee ffoorr tthhee ffiillee aallrreeaaddyy eexxiissttiinngg..

          IIff tthhee ffiillee iiss pprreecceeddeedd bbyy aa ""!!""   cchhaarraacctteerr,,  tthhee
          pprrooggrraamm  nnaammeedd bbyy tthhee sshheellll eeddiitt ooppttiioonn iiss iinnvvookkeedd
          wwiitthh  ffiillee  aass  iittss  sseeccoonndd  aarrgguummeenntt,,   aanndd   tthhee










UUSSDD::1133--8800                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          ssppeecciiffiieedd  lliinneess  aarree  ppaasssseedd aass ssttaannddaarrdd iinnppuutt ttoo
          tthhaatt ccoommmmaanndd..  TThhee ""!!""  iinn tthhiiss uussaaggee mmuusstt bbee sseepp--
          aarraatteedd  ffrroomm  ccoommmmaanndd nnaammee bbyy aatt lleeaasstt oonnee wwhhiitteess--
          ppaaccee cchhaarraacctteerr..  TThhee ssppeecciiaall mmeeaanniinngg  ooff  tthhee  ""!!""
          mmaayy  bbee oovveerrrriiddddeenn bbyy eessccaappiinngg iitt wwiitthh aa bbaacckkssllaasshh
          ((""\\"")) cchhaarraacctteerr..

          TThhee wwqq vveerrssiioonn ooff tthhee wwrriittee ccoommmmaanndd wwiillll eexxiitt  tthhee
          eeddiittoorr  aafftteerr  wwrriittiinngg  tthhee  ffiillee,, iiff tthheerree aarree nnoo
          ffuurrtthheerr ffiilleess ttoo eeddiitt..  AAppppeennddiinngg aa ""!!""  cchhaarraacctteerr
          ttoo  tthhee  ccoommmmaanndd  nnaammee oorr eenntteerriinngg ttwwoo ""qquuiitt"" ccoomm--
          mmaannddss ((ii..ee..  wwqq,, qquuiitt,, xxiitt oorr ZZZZ)) iinn aa  rrooww))  wwiillll
          oovveerrrriiddee  tthhiiss  cchheecckk  aanndd  tthhee  eeddiittoorr wwiillll eexxiitt,,
          iiggnnoorriinngg aannyy ffiilleess tthhaatt hhaavvee nnoott yyeett bbeeeenn  eeddiitteedd..

          TThhee  wwnn  vveerrssiioonn ooff tthhee wwrriittee ccoommmmaanndd wwiillll mmoovvee ttoo
          tthhee nneexxtt ffiillee aafftteerr wwrriittiinngg tthhee ffiillee,,  uunnlleessss  tthhee
          wwrriittee ffaaiillss..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected  by  the  rreeaaddoonnllyy  and wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     [[rraannggee]] xx[[iitt]][[!!]] [[ffiillee]]
          Write the file if it has been modified.  The spec-
          ified  lines  are written to file,, iiff tthhee ffiillee hhaass
          bbeeeenn mmooddiiffiieedd ssiinnccee tthhee llaasstt ccoommpplleettee wwrriittee ttoo aannyy
          ffiillee..   IIff  nnoo rraannggee is specified, the entire file
          is written.

          The xxiitt command will exit the editor after writing
          the  file,  if there are no further files to edit.
          Appending a "!""  cchhaarraacctteerr ttoo tthhee ccoommmmaanndd nnaammee  oorr
          eenntteerriinngg  ttwwoo ""qquuiitt"" ccoommmmaannddss ((ii..ee..  wwqq,, qquuiitt,, xxiitt
          oorr ZZZZ)) iinn aa rrooww)) wwiillll oovveerrrriiddee tthhiiss cchheecckk aanndd  tthhee
          eeddiittoorr wwiillll eexxiitt,, iiggnnoorriinngg aannyy ffiilleess tthhaatt hhaavvee nnoott
          yyeett bbeeeenn eeddiitteedd..

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by  the  rreeaaddoonnllyy  and  wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     [[rraannggee]] yyaa[[nnkk]] [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]]
          Copy  the  specified  lines  to  a  buffer.  If no
          buffer is specified, the unnamed buffer is used.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] zz [[ttyyppee]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Adjust the window.  If no type iiss ssppeecciiffiieedd,,  tthheenn
          ccoouunntt  lines following the specified line are dis-
          played.  The default count iiss  tthhee  vvaalluuee  ooff  tthhee










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--8811


          wwiinnddooww  ooppttiioonn..   TThhee  ttyyppee  aarrgguummeenntt  cchhaannggeess tthhee
          ppoossiittiioonn aatt wwhhiicchh lliinnee iiss ddiissppllaayyeedd oonn tthhee  ssccrreeeenn
          bbyy  cchhaannggiinngg  tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff lliinneess ddiissppllaayyeedd bbeeffoorree
          aanndd aafftteerr lliinnee..  TThhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ttyyppee cchhaarraacctteerrss mmaayy
          bbee uusseedd::

          -        Place  the  line  at  the  bottom  of the
                   screen.
          +        Place the line at the top of the  screen.
          .        Place  the  line  in  the  middle  of the
                   screen.
          ^        Write out count lines starting count *  2
                   lines before line; the net effect of this
                   is that a "z^" command following a zz com-
                   mand writes the previous page.
          =        Center  line on the screen with a line of
                   hyphens displayed immediately before  and
                   after  it.   The  number of preceding and
                   following lines  of  text  displayed  are
                   reduced to account for those lines.

          Line:    Set  to the last line displayed, with the
                   exception of the type, where the  current
                   line  is set to the line specified by the
                   command.
          Options: Affected by the ssccrroollll option.

     1188..  SSeett OOppttiioonnss

          There are a large number of options  that  may  be
     set  (or  unset) to change the editor's behavior.  This
     section describes the options, their abbreviations  and
     their default values.

          In  each  entry  below,  the first part of the tag
     line is the full name of the option,  followed  by  any
     equivalent abbreviations.  (Regardless of the abbrevia-
     tions, it is only necessary to use the  minimum  number
     of  characters necessary to distinguish an abbreviation
     from all other commands  for  it  to  be  accepted,  in
     nneexx/nnvvii.   Historically,  only  the  full  name and the
     official abbreviations were accepted by  eexx/vvii.   Using
     full  names  in  your  startup  files and environmental
     variables will probably make them more portable.)   The
     part  in  square  brackets  is the default value of the
     option.  Most of the options are boolean, i.e. they are
     either  on or off, and do not have an associated value.

          Options apply to both eexx and vvii modes, unless oth-
     erwise specified.

          With  a  few  exceptions, all options are settable
     per screen, i.e. the ttaaggss option can be set differently










UUSSDD::1133--8822                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


     in each screen.  The exceptions are the ccoolluummnnss, lliinneess,
     sseeccuurree and tteerrmm options.  Changing these options  modi-
     fies the respective information for all screens.

          For  information  on  modifying  the options or to
     display the options and their current values,  see  the
     "set" command in the section entitled "EExx CCoommmmaannddss".

     aallttwweerraassee [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.   Change  how  vvii does word erase during
          text input.  When this option is set, text is bro-
          ken up into three classes: alphabetic, numeric and
          underscore characters, other nonblank  characters,
          and  blank characters.  Changing from one class to
          another marks the end of a word.  In addition, the
          class  of  the  first  character erased is ignored
          (which is exactly what you want when erasing path-
          name components).

     aauuttooiinnddeenntt,, aaii [[ooffff]]
          If  this  option is set, whenever you create a new
          line (using the vvii AA, aa, CC, cc, II, ii, OO, oo,  RR,  rr,
          SS,  and  ss commands, or the eexx aappppeenndd, cchhaannggee, and
          iinnsseerrtt commands) the  new  line  is  automatically
          indented  to  align the cursor with the first non-
          blank character of the line from which you created
          it.   Lines  are  indented using tab characters to
          the extent possible (based on  the  value  of  the
          ttaabbssttoopp option) and then using space characters as
          necessary.  For commands inserting text  into  the
          middle  of  a  line,  any  blank characters to the
          right of the cursor are discarded, and  the  first
          nonblank  character  to the right of the cursor is
          aligned as described above.

          The indent characters are themselves somewhat spe-
          cial.   If you do not enter more characters on the
          new line before moving to another line, or  enter-
          ing <escape>,, tthhee iinnddeenntt cchhaarraacctteerr wwiillll bbee ddeelleetteedd
          aanndd tthhee lliinnee wwiillll bbee eemmppttyy..  FFoorr eexxaammppllee,,  iiff  yyoouu
          eenntteerr  <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>  twice in succession, the
          line created by the first  <carriage-return>  wwiillll
          nnoott  hhaavvee  aannyy cchhaarraacctteerrss iinn iitt,, rreeggaarrddlleessss ooff tthhee
          iinnddeennttaattiioonn ooff tthhee pprreevviioouuss oorr ssuubbsseeqquueenntt lliinnee..

          IInnddeenntt cchhaarraacctteerrss  aallssoo  rreeqquuiirree  tthhaatt  yyoouu  eenntteerr
          aaddddiittiioonnaall  eerraassee  cchhaarraacctteerrss ttoo ddeelleettee tthheemm..  FFoorr
          eexxaammppllee,, iiff yyoouu hhaavvee aann iinnddeenntteedd lliinnee,,  ccoonnttaaiinniinngg
          oonnllyy  bbllaannkkss,, tthhee ffiirrsstt <<wwoorrdd--eerraassee>> character you
          enter will erase up to end of the  indent  charac-
          ters, and the second will erase back to the begin-
          ning of the line.  (Historically, only  the  <con-
          trol-D>  kkeeyy  wwoouulldd  eerraassee  tthhee iinnddeenntt cchhaarraacctteerrss..










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--8833


          BBootthh tthhee <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> key and the usual erase  keys
          work in nnvvii.)  In addition, if the cursor is posi-
          tioned at the end of the  indent  characters,  the
          keys  "0<control-D>""  wwiillll eerraassee aallll ooff tthhee iinnddeenntt
          cchhaarraacctteerrss ffoorr tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  lliinnee,,  rreesseettttiinngg  tthhee
          iinnddeennttaattiioonn  lleevveell  ttoo  00..   SSiimmiillaarrllyy,,  tthhee  kkeeyyss
          ""^^<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>" will erase all of the indent  char-
          acters  for the current line, leaving the indenta-
          tion level for future created lines unaffected.

          Finally, if the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option is  set,  the  SS
          and  cccc commands change from the first nonblank of
          the line to the end of the line, instead  of  from
          the  beginning of the line to the end of the line.

     aauuttoopprriinntt,, aapp [[ooffff]]
          EExx only.  Cause the current line to  be  automati-
          cally  displayed after the eexx commands <<, >>, ccooppyy,
          ddeelleettee, jjooiinn, mmoovvee, ppuutt, tt, UUnnddoo, and uunnddoo.   This
          automatic  display is suppressed during gglloobbaall and
          vv commands, and for  any  command  where  optional
          flags are used to explicitly display the line.

     aauuttoowwrriittee,, aaww [[ooffff]]
          If  this option is set, the vvii !!, ^^^^, ^^]] and <<ccoonn--
          ttrrooll--ZZ>> commands, and the eexx eeddiitt,  nneexxtt,  rreewwiinndd,
          ssttoopp,  ssuussppeenndd,  ttaagg,  ttaaggppoopp, and ttaaggttoopp commands
          automatically write the current file back  to  the
          current file name if it has been modified since it
          was last written.  If the write fails, the command
          fails and goes no further.

          Appending  the  optional  force flag character "!""
          ttoo tthhee eexx ccoommmmaannddss nneexxtt,,  rreewwiinndd,,  ssttoopp,,  ssuussppeenndd,,
          ttaagg,,  ttaaggppoopp,, aanndd ttaaggttoopp ssttooppss tthhee aauuttoommaattiicc wwrriittee
          ffrroomm bbeeiinngg aatttteemmpptteedd..

          ((HHiissttoorriiccaallllyy,,  tthhee  nneexxtt  ccoommmmaanndd   iiggnnoorreedd   tthhee
          ooppttiioonnaall ffoorrccee ffllaagg..))  NNoottee,, tthhee eexx ccoommmmaannddss eeddiitt,,
          qquuiitt,, sshheellll,, aanndd  xxiitt  aarree  _n_o_t  aaffffeecctteedd  bbyy  tthhee
          aauuttoowwrriittee ooppttiioonn..

          TThhee  aauuttoowwrriittee  ooppttiioonn  iiss  iiggnnoorreedd iiff tthhee ffiillee iiss
          ccoonnssiiddeerreedd rreeaadd--oonnllyy ffoorr aannyy rreeaassoonn..

     bbaacckkuupp [[""""]]
          If this option is set,  it  specifies  a  pathname
          used  as  a  backup  file, and, whenever a file is
          written, the file's current contents are copied to
          it.  The pathname is "#"",, ""%%" and "!""  eexxppaannddeedd..

          IIff  tthhee  ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee ppaatthhnnaammee iiss ""NN", a
          version number is appended to  the  pathname  (and










UUSSDD::1133--8844                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


          the  "N""  cchhaarraacctteerr  iiss  tthheenn ddiissccaarrddeedd))..  VVeerrssiioonn
          nnuummbbeerrss aarree aallwwaayyss iinnccrreemmeenntteedd,,  aanndd  eeaacchh  bbaacckkuupp
          ffiillee  wwiillll  hhaavvee aa vveerrssiioonn nnuummbbeerr oonnee ggrreeaatteerr tthhaann
          tthhee hhiigghheesstt vveerrssiioonn nnuummbbeerr ccuurrrreennttllyy ffoouunndd iinn  tthhee
          ddiirreeccttoorryy..

          BBaacckkuupp  ffiilleess  mmuusstt bbee rreegguullaarr ffiilleess,, oowwnneedd bbyy tthhee
          rreeaall uusseerr IIDD ooff tthhee uusseerr rruunnnniinngg tthhee  eeddiittoorr,,  aanndd
          nnoott aacccceessssiibbllee bbyy aannyy ootthheerr uusseerr..

     bbeeaauuttiiffyy,, bbff [[ooffff]]
          If this option is set, all control characters that
          are not  currently  being  specially  interpreted,
          other  than <tab>,, <<nneewwlliinnee>>, and <form-feed>,, aarree
          ddiissccaarrddeedd ffrroomm ccoommmmaannddss rreeaadd iinn bbyy eexx ffrroomm ccoommmmaanndd
          ffiilleess,,  aanndd  ffrroomm iinnppuutt tteexxtt eenntteerreedd ttoo vvii ((eeiitthheerr
          iinnttoo tthhee ffiillee oorr ttoo tthhee ccoolloonn ccoommmmaanndd lliinnee))..  TTeexxtt
          ffiilleess  rreeaadd bbyy eexx//vvii aarree _n_o_t aaffffeecctteedd bbyy tthhee bbeeaauu--
          ttiiffyy ooppttiioonn..

     ccddppaatthh [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee CCDDPPAATTHH,, oorr ccuurrrreenntt ddiirreecc--
          ttoorryy]]
          This  option  is used to specify a colon separated
          list of directories which are used  as  path  pre-
          fixes  for  any  relative path names used as argu-
          ments for the  ccdd  command.   The  value  of  this
          option  defaults to the value of the environmental
          variable CDPATH iiff iitt iiss  sseett,,  ootthheerrwwiissee  ttoo  tthhee
          ccuurrrreenntt  ddiirreeccttoorryy..   FFoorr  ccoommppaattiibbiilliittyy  wwiitthh tthhee
          PPOOSSIIXX 11000033..22 sshheellll,, tthhee ccdd ccoommmmaanndd ddooeess _n_o_t  cchheecckk
          tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  ddiirreeccttoorryy aass aa ppaatthh pprreeffiixx ffoorr rreellaa--
          ttiivvee ppaatthh nnaammeess uunnlleessss iitt iiss eexxpplliicciittllyy ssppeecciiffiieedd..
          IItt mmaayy bbee ssoo ssppeecciiffiieedd bbyy eenntteerriinngg aann eemmppttyy ssttrriinngg
          oorr aa "".._"  _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _i_n_t_o _t_h_e  _C_D_P_A_T_H  vvaarriiaabbllee  oorr
          tthhee ooppttiioonn vvaalluuee..

     cceeddiitt [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
          This  option  adds  the  ability to edit the colon
          command-line history.  This option  is  set  to  a
          string.   Whenever  the  first  character  of that
          string is entered on the colon command  line,  you
          will  enter  a  normal  editing window on the col-
          lected commands that  you've  entered  on  the  vvii
          colon  command-line.   You  may then modify and/or
          execute the commands.  All normal text editing  is
          available,  except that you cannot use <<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>>
          to switch to  an  alternate  screen.   Entering  a
          <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>> will execute the current line of
          the screen window as an ex command in the  context
          of  the  screen  from  which you created the colon
          command-line screen, and you will then  return  to
          that screen.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--8855


          Because of vvii's parsing rules, it can be difficult
          to set the colon command-line  edit  character  to
          the  <escape>  cchhaarraacctteerr..   TToo sseett iitt ttoo <<eessccaappee>>,
          use "set cedit=<literal-next><escape>""..

          IIff tthhee cceeddiitt eeddiitt ooppttiioonn iiss sseett ttoo tthhee ssaammee  cchhaarr--
          aacctteerr  aass  tthhee  ffiilleecc eeddiitt ooppttiioonn,, vvii wwiillll ppeerrffoorrmm
          ccoolloonn ccoommmmaanndd--lliinnee eeddiittiinngg  iiff  tthhee  cchhaarraacctteerr  iiss
          eenntteerreedd aass tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee lliinnee,, ootthheerr--
          wwiissee,, vvii wwiillll ppeerrffoorrmm ffiillee nnaammee eexxppaannssiioonn..

     ccoolluummnnss,, ccoo [[8800]]
          The number of columns in the screen.  Setting this
          option causes eexx/vvii to set (or reset) the environ-
          mental variable COLUMNS..  SSeeee tthhee sseeccttiioonn eennttiittlleedd
          ""SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn"" mmoorree iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn..

     ccoommmmeenntt [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.  If the first non-empty line of the file
          begins with the string "/*"" oorr  ""##",  this  option
          causes vvii to skip to the end of that C-language or
          shell comment (probably a  terribly  boring  legal
          notice) before displaying the file.

     ddiirreeccttoorryy,, ddiirr [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee TTMMPPDDIIRR,, oorr //ttmmpp]]
          The  directory  where temporary files are created.
          The environmental variable TMPDIR iiss uusseedd  aass  tthhee
          ddeeffaauulltt  vvaalluuee  iiff  iitt  eexxiissttss,,  ootthheerrwwiissee //ttmmpp is
          used.

     eeddccoommppaattiibbllee,, eedd [[ooffff]]
          Remember the values of the "c" and "g" suffixes to
          the  ssuubbssttiittuuttee  commands, instead of initializing
          them as unset for each  new  command.   Specifying
          pattern  and replacement strings to the ssuubbssttiittuuttee
          command unsets the "c" and "g" suffixes as well.

     eessccaappeettiimmee [[11]]
          The 10th's of a second eexx/vvii waits  for  a  subse-
          quent key to complete an <escape> kkeeyy mmaappppiinngg..

     eerrrroorrbbeellllss,, eebb [[ooffff]]
          EExx only.  EExx error messages are normally presented
          in inverse video.  If that is not possible for the
          terminal,  setting  this  option causes error mes-
          sages to be  announced  by  ringing  the  terminal
          bell.

     eexxrrcc,, eexx [[ooffff]]
          If this option is turned on in the EXINIT environ-
          ment variables, or the  system  or  $HOME  startup
          files,  the  local  startup files are read, unless
          they are the same as the system or  $HOME  startup










UUSSDD::1133--8866                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


          files  or  fail  to  pass  the standard permission
          checks.  See the section entitled "SSttaarrttuupp  IInnffoorr--
          mmaattiioonn" for more information.

     eexxtteennddeedd [[ooffff]]
          This  option  causes all regular expressions to be
          treated as POSIX 1003.2 Extended  Regular  Expres-
          sions  (which  are  similar  to  historic _e_g_r_e_p(1)
          style expressions).

     ffiilleecc [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
          This option adds the ability to do shell expansion
          when  entering  input  on  the colon command line.
          This option is set  to  a  string.   Whenever  the
          first  character  of that string is entered on the
          colon command line, the <blank>  delimited  string
          immediately before the cursor is expanded as if it
          were followed by a  *  cchhaarraacctteerr,,  aanndd  ffiillee  nnaammee
          eexxppaannssiioonn ffoorr tthhee eexx eeddiitt ccoommmmaanndd wwaass ddoonnee..  IIff nnoo
          mmaattcchh iiss ffoouunndd,, tthhee ssccrreeeenn  iiss  ffllaasshheedd  aanndd  tteexxtt
          iinnppuutt  rreessuummeedd..   IIff  aa ssiinnggllee mmaattcchh rreessuullttss,, tthhaatt
          mmaattcchh rreeppllaacceess tthhee eexxppaannddeedd tteexxtt..  IInn aaddddiittiioonn,, iiff
          tthhee ssiinnggllee mmaattcchh iiss ffoorr aa ddiirreeccttoorryy,, aa // cchhaarraacctteerr
          iiss aappppeennddeedd aanndd ffiillee ccoommpplleettiioonn iiss  rreeppeeaatteedd..   IIff
          mmoorree  tthhaann aa ssiinnggllee mmaattcchh rreessuullttss,, aannyy uunniiqquuee pprree--
          ffiixx sshhaarreedd bbyy tthhee mmaattcchheess  rreeppllaacceess  tthhee  eexxppaannddeedd
          tteexxtt,,  tthhee  mmaattcchheess  aarree ddiissppllaayyeedd,, aanndd tteexxtt iinnppuutt
          rreessuummeedd..

          BBeeccaauussee ooff vvii''ss ppaarrssiinngg rruulleess,, iitt ccaann bbee ddiiffffiiccuulltt
          ttoo  sseett  tthhee ppaatthh ccoommpplleettiioonn cchhaarraacctteerr ttoo ttwwoo ccoomm--
          mmaanndd vvaalluueess,, <<eessccaappee>> aanndd <<ttaabb>>..   TToo  sseett  iitt  ttoo
          <<eessccaappee>>,,  uussee ""sseett ffiilleecc==<<lliitteerraall--nneexxtt>><<eessccaappee>>""..
          TToo sseett iitt ttoo <<ttaabb>>,, uussee ""sseett ffiilleecc==\\<<ttaabb>>""..

          IIff tthhee cceeddiitt eeddiitt ooppttiioonn iiss sseett ttoo tthhee ssaammee  cchhaarr--
          aacctteerr  aass  tthhee  ffiilleecc eeddiitt ooppttiioonn,, vvii wwiillll ppeerrffoorrmm
          ccoolloonn ccoommmmaanndd--lliinnee eeddiittiinngg  iiff  tthhee  cchhaarraacctteerr  iiss
          eenntteerreedd aass tthhee ffiirrsstt cchhaarraacctteerr ooff tthhee lliinnee,, ootthheerr--
          wwiissee,, vvii wwiillll ppeerrffoorrmm ffiillee nnaammee eexxppaannssiioonn..

     ffllaasshh [[oonn]]
          This option causes the screen to flash instead  of
          beeping  the  keyboard,  on error, if the terminal
          has the capability.

     hhaarrddttaabbss,, hhtt [[88]]
          This option defines the spacing  between  hardware
          tab  settings, i.e.  the tab expansion done by the
          operating system and/or the terminal  itself.   As
          nneexx/nnvvii  never writes <tab> cchhaarraacctteerrss ttoo tthhee tteerr--
          mmiinnaall,, uunnlliikkee hhiissttoorriicc  vveerrssiioonnss  ooff  eexx//vvii,,  tthhiiss
          ooppttiioonn ddooeess nnoott ccuurrrreennttllyy hhaavvee aannyy aaffffeecctt..










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--8877


     iicclloowweerr [[ooffff]]
          The  iicclloowweerr edit option makes all Regular Expres-
          sions case-insensitive, as long as  an  upper-case
          letter does not appear in the search string.

     iiggnnoorreeccaassee,, iicc [[ooffff]]
          This option causes regular expressions, both in eexx
          commands and in searches, to  be  evaluated  in  a
          case-insensitive manner.

     kkeeyyttiimmee [[66]]
          The  10th's  of  a second eexx/vvii waits for a subse-
          quent key to complete a key mapping.

     lleeffttrriigghhtt [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  This option  causes  the  screen  to  be
          scrolled  left-right to view lines longer than the
          screen,  instead  of  the  traditional  vvii  screen
          interface which folds long lines at the right-hand
          margin of the terminal.

     lliinneess,, llii [[2244]]
          VVii only.  The number of lines in the screen.  Set-
          ting  this  option  causes eexx/vvii to set (or reset)
          the environmental variable LINES..  SSeeee tthhee sseeccttiioonn
          eennttiittlleedd ""SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn"" ffoorr mmoorree iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn..

     lliisspp [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  This option changes the behavior of  the
          vvii  ((,  )),  {{,  }}, [[[[ and ]]]] commands to match the
          Lisp  language.   Also,  the  aauuttooiinnddeenntt  option's
          behavior is changed to be appropriate for Lisp.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     lliisstt [[ooffff]]
          This  option  causes  lines  to be displayed in an
          unambiguous fashion.  Specifically, tabs are  dis-
          played  as control characters, i.e.  "^I"",, aanndd tthhee
          eennddss ooff lliinneess aarree mmaarrkkeedd wwiitthh aa ""$$" character.

     lloocckk [[oonn]]
          This option causes the editor to attempt to get an
          exclusive  lock  on any file being edited, read or
          written.  Reading or writing a file that cannot be
          locked  produces  a  warning message, but no other
          effect.  Editing a  file  that  cannot  be  locked
          results  in  a  read  only edit session, as if the
          rreeaaddoonnllyy edit option were set.

     mmaaggiicc [[oonn]]
          This option is on by default.  Turning  the  mmaaggiicc
          option   off   causes   all   regular   expression










UUSSDD::1133--8888                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


          characters except for "^"" aanndd ""$$", to  be  treated
          as  ordinary  characters.  To re-enable characters
          individually, when the mmaaggiicc option is  off,  pre-
          cede them with a backslash "\"" cchhaarraacctteerr..  SSeeee tthhee
          sseeccttiioonn eennttiittlleedd ""RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss aanndd RReeppllaaccee--
          mmeenntt SSttrriinnggss"" ffoorr mmoorree iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn..

     mmaattcchhttiimmee [[77]]
          VVii  only.  The 10th's of a second vvii pauses on the
          matching character when the  sshhoowwmmaattcchh  option  is
          set.

     mmeessgg [[oonn]]
          This  option  allows  other  users  to contact you
          using the _t_a_l_k(1) and  _w_r_i_t_e(1)  utilities,  while
          you  are editing.  EExx/vvii does not turn message on,
          i.e. if messages were turned off when  the  editor
          was  invoked,  they  will  stay  turned off.  This
          option only permits you to disallow  messages  for
          the  edit  session.   See  the _m_e_s_g(1) utility for
          more information.

     mmssggccaatt [[..//]]
          This option selects a message catalog to  be  used
          to  display  error and informational messages in a
          specified language.  If the value of  this  option
          ends  with  a  '/', it is treated as the name of a
          directory  that   contains   a   message   catalog
          "vi_XXXX"",,  wwhheerree  ""XXXXXXXX" is the value of the LANG
          eennvviirroonnmmeennttaall vvaarriiaabbllee,, iiff iitt''ss sseett,, oorr tthhee  vvaalluuee
          ooff  tthhee LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS environmental variable if it's
          not.  If neither of those environmental  variables
          are  set,  or  if the option doesn't end in a '/',
          the option is treated as the full path name of the
          message catalog to use.

          If  any messages are missing from the catalog, the
          backup text (English) is used instead.

          See the distribution file catalog/README ffoorr aaddddii--
          ttiioonnaall iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn oonn bbuuiillddiinngg aanndd iinnssttaalllliinngg mmeess--
          ssaaggee ccaattaallooggss..

     mmooddeelliinneess,, mmooddeelliinnee [[ooffff]]
          If the mmooddeelliinneess option is set, eexx/vvii has histori-
          cally  scanned  the  first  and last five lines of
          each file as it is read for editing,  looking  for
          any  eexx  commands  that  have been placed in those
          lines.  After the  startup  information  has  been
          processed,  and before the user starts editing the
          file, any commands embedded in the file  are  exe-
          cuted.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--8899


          Commands were recognized by the letters "e" or "v"
          followed by "x" or "i", at the beginning of a line
          or  following  a  tab or space character, and fol-
          lowed by a ":", an eexx command, and another ":".

          This option is a security problem of immense  pro-
          portions, and should not be used under any circum-
          stances.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _w_i_l_l _n_e_v_e_r _b_e _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     nnoopprriinntt [[""""]]
          Characters that are  never  handled  as  printable
          characters.   By  default,  the C library function
          _i_s_p_r_i_n_t(3) is used to determine if a character  is
          printable or not.  This edit option overrides that
          decision.

     nnuummbbeerr,, nnuu [[ooffff]]
          Precede each line displayed with its current  line
          number.

     ooccttaall [[ooffff]]
          Display   unknown   characters  as  octal  numbers
          ("\###"")),,  iinnsstteeaadd  ooff  tthhee  ddeeffaauulltt   hheexxaaddeecciimmaall
          ((""\\xx####").

     ooppeenn [[oonn]]
          EExx  only.  If this option is not set, the ooppeenn and
          vviissuuaall commands are disallowed.

     ooppttiimmiizzee,, oopptt [[oonn]]
          VVii only.  Throughput of text is expedited by  set-
          ting  the  terminal  not  to do automatic carriage
          returns when printing more than one (logical) line
          of  output,  greatly  speeding output on terminals
          without addressable cursors when text with leading
          white space is printed.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     ppaarraaggrraapphhss,, ppaarraa [[IIPPLLPPPPPPQQPPPP LLIIppppllppiippbbpp]]
          VVii  only.   Define additional paragraph boundaries
          for the {{ and  }}  commands.   The  value  of  this
          option  must  be  a character string consisting of
          zero or more character pairs.

          In the text to be  edited,  the  character  string
          <newline>.<char-pair>,,  ((wwhheerree  <<cchhaarr--ppaaiirr>> is one
          of the character  pairs  in  the  option's  value)
          defines a paragraph boundary.  For example, if the
          option were set to LaA<space>##,, tthheenn aallll  ooff  tthhee
          ffoolllloowwiinngg aaddddiittiioonnaall ppaarraaggrraapphh bboouunnddaarriieess wwoouulldd bbee










UUSSDD::1133--9900                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


          rreeccooggnniizzeedd::


              <<nneewwlliinnee>>..LLaa
              <<nneewwlliinnee>>..AA<<ssppaaccee>>
              <<nneewwlliinnee>>..####


     ppaatthh [[]]
          The  path  option  can  be  used  to   specify   a
          <colon>-separated  list  of  paths, similar to the
          PATH eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee iinn tthhee sshheellllss..  IIff  tthhiiss
          ooppttiioonn  iiss  sseett,, tthhee nnaammee ooff tthhee ffiillee ttoo bbee eeddiitteedd
          iiss nnoott aann aabbssoolluuttee ppaatthhnnaammee,, tthhee  ffiirrsstt  ccoommppoonneenntt
          ooff  tthhee ffiilleennaammee iiss nnoott "".."  or ".."",, aanndd tthhee ffiillee
          ttoo bbee eeddiitteedd ddooeessnn''tt eexxiisstt iinn tthhee  ccuurrrreenntt  ddiirreecc--
          ttoorryy,,  tthhee eelleemmeennttss ooff tthhee ppaatthh ooppttiioonn aarree sseeqquueenn--
          ttiiaallllyy sseeaarrcchheedd ffoorr aa ffiillee ooff tthhee ssppeecciiffiieedd  nnaammee..
          IIff ssuucchh aa ffiillee iiss ffoouunndd,, iitt iiss eeddiitteedd..

     pprriinntt [[""""]]
          Characters  that  are  always handled as printable
          characters.  By default, the  C  library  function
          _i_s_p_r_i_n_t(3)  is used to determine if a character is
          printable or not.  This edit option overrides that
          decision.

     pprroommpptt [[oonn]]
          EExx only.  This option causes eexx to prompt for com-
          mand input with a ":"" cchhaarraacctteerr;; wwhheenn  iitt  iiss  nnoott
          sseett,, nnoo pprroommpptt iiss ddiissppllaayyeedd..

     rreeaaddoonnllyy,, rroo [[ooffff]]
          This  option causes a force flag to be required to
          attempt to write the file.  Setting this option is
          equivalent to using the --RR command line option, or
          executing the vvii program using the name vviieeww.

          The rreeaaddoonnllyy edit option is  not  usually  persis-
          tent,  like other edit options.  If the --RR command
          line option is set, vvii is executed as vviieeww, or the
          rreeaaddoonnllyy  edit option is explicitly set, all files
          edited in the screen will be marked readonly,  and
          the  force  flag  will  be required to write them.
          However, if none of these conditions are true,  or
          the rreeaaddoonnllyy edit option is explicitly unset, then
          the rreeaaddoonnllyy edit option will toggle based on  the
          write  permissions  of  the  file  currently being
          edited as of when  it  is  loaded  into  the  edit
          buffer.   In other words, the rreeaaddoonnllyy edit option
          will be set if the current file lacks  write  per-
          missions,  and  will  not  be  set if the user has
          write permissions for the file.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--9911


     rreeccddiirr [[//vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr]]
          The directory where recovery files are stored.

          If you change the value of rreeccddiirr, be  careful  to
          choose  a  directory  whose contents are not regu-
          larly deleted.  Bad choices include directories in
          memory  based  filesystems,  or /tmp,, oonn mmoosstt ssyyss--
          tteemmss,, aass  tthheeiirr  ccoonntteennttss  aarree  rreemmoovveedd  wwhheenn  tthhee
          mmaacchhiinnee iiss rreebbooootteedd..

          PPuubblliicc  ddiirreeccttoorriieess lliikkee //uussrr//ttmmpp and /var/tmp aarree
          uussuuaallllyy ssaaffee,,  aalltthhoouugghh  ssoommee  ssiitteess  ppeerriiooddiiccaallllyy
          pprruunnee  oolldd  ffiilleess ffrroomm tthheemm..  TThheerree iiss nnoo rreeqquuiirree--
          mmeenntt tthhaatt yyoouu uussee aa ppuubblliicc ddiirreeccttoorryy,, ee..gg.. aa  ssuubb--
          ddiirreeccttoorryy ooff yyoouurr hhoommee ddiirreeccttoorryy wwiillll wwoorrkk ffiinnee..

          FFiinnaallllyy,,  iiff  yyoouu  cchhaannggee tthhee vvaalluuee ooff rreeccddiirr,, yyoouu
          mmuusstt mmooddiiffyy tthhee rreeccoovveerryy ssccrriipptt ttoo ooppeerraattee iinn yyoouurr
          cchhoosseenn rreeccoovveerryy aarreeaa..

          SSeeee  tthhee  sseeccttiioonn  eennttiittlleedd ""RReeccoovveerryy"" ffoorr ffuurrtthheerr
          iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn..

     rreeddrraaww,, rree [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.   The  editor  simulates  (using   great
          amounts  of  output), an intelligent terminal on a
          dumb terminal (e.g. during insertions  in  vvii  the
          characters   to   the  right  of  the  cursor  are
          refreshed as each input character is typed).

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     rreemmaapp [[oonn]]
          If this option is set, it is  possible  to  define
          macros  in terms of other macros.  Otherwise, each
          key is only remapped up to one time.  For example,
          if "A"" iiss mmaappppeedd ttoo ""BB", and "B"" iiss mmaappppeedd ttoo ""CC",
          The keystroke "A"" wwiillll bbee mmaappppeedd  ttoo  ""CC"  if  the
          rreemmaapp  option is set, and to "B"" iiff iitt iiss nnoott sseett..

     rreeppoorrtt [[55]]
          Set the threshold of the number of lines that need
          to  be  changed or yanked before a message will be
          displayed to the user.   For  everything  but  the
          yank command, the value is the largest value about
          which the editor is silent,  i.e.  by  default,  6
          lines must be deleted before the user is notified.
          However, if the number of lines yanked is  greater
          than  _o_r _e_q_u_a_l _t_o the set value, it is reported to
          the user.

     rruulleerr [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  Display a row/column ruler on the  colon










UUSSDD::1133--9922                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


          command line.

     ssccrroollll,, ssccrr [[((eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee LLIINNEESS -- 11)) // 22]]
          Set  the  number of lines scrolled by the eexx <<ccoonn--
          ttrrooll--DD>> and <<eenndd--ooff--ffiillee>> commands.

          Historically, the eexx  zz  command,  when  specified
          without  a  count,  used two times the size of the
          scroll value; the POSIX 1003.2 standard  specified
          the window size, which is a better choice.

     sseeaarrcchhiinnccrr [[ooffff]]
          The  sseeaarrcchhiinnccrr  edit option makes the search com-
          mands // and ??  incremental,  i.e.  the  screen  is
          updated  and the cursor moves to the matching text
          as the search pattern is entered.  If  the  search
          pattern is not found, the screen is beeped and the
          cursor remains on the colon-command line.  Erasing
          characters  from the search pattern backs the cur-
          sor up to the previous matching text.

     sseeccttiioonnss,, sseecctt [[NNHHSSHHHH HHUUnnhhsshh]]
          VVii only.  Define additional section boundaries for
          the  [[[[  and  ]]]]  commands.   The  sseeccttiioonnss option
          should be set to a character string consisting  of
          zero  or  more character pairs.  In the text to be
          edited,  the  character  string   <newline>.<char-
          pair>,,  ((wwhheerree <<cchhaarr--ppaaiirr>> is one of the character
          pairs in the option's value),  defines  a  section
          boundary in the same manner that ppaarraaggrraapphhss option
          boundaries are defined.

     sseeccuurree [[ooffff]]
          The sseeccuurree edit option turns  off  all  access  to
          external  programs.   This means that the versions
          of the rreeaadd and wwrriittee commands  that  filter  text
          through  other programs, the vvii !!  and <<ccoonnttrrooll--ZZ>>
          commands, the eexx !!, ssccrriipptt, sshheellll, ssttoopp  and  ssuuss--
          ppeenndd  commands and file name expansion will not be
          permitted.  Once set, the sseeccuurree edit  option  may
          not be unset.

     sshheellll,, sshh [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee SSHHEELLLL,, oorr //bbiinn//sshh]]
          Select  the  shell used by the editor.  The speci-
          fied path is the pathname of the shell invoked  by
          the vvii !!  shell escape command and by the eexx sshheellll
          command.  This program is also used to resolve any
          shell meta-characters in eexx commands.

     sshheellllmmeettaa [[~~{{[[**??$$``''""\\]]
          The  set  of  characters  that  eexx checks for when
          doing file name expansion.  If any of  the  speci-
          fied   characters  are  found  in  the  file  name










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--9933


          arguments to the eexx commands,  the  arguments  are
          expanded  using  the  program defined by the sshheellll
          option.  The default set of characters is a  union
          of  meta  characters  from  the  Version 7 and the
          Berkeley C shell.

     sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh,, ssww [[88]]
          Set the autoindent and shift  command  indentation
          width.   This  width  is  used  by  the aauuttooiinnddeenntt
          option and by the <<, >>, and sshhiifftt commands.

     sshhoowwmmaattcchh,, ssmm [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  This option causes vvii, when a "}"" oorr ""))"
          is  entered, to briefly move the cursor the match-
          ing "{"" oorr ""((".  See the mmaattcchhttiimmee option for more
          information.

     sshhoowwmmooddee,, ssmmdd [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.   This  option  causes  vvii  to display a
          string identifying the current editor mode on  the
          colon  command line.  The string is preceded by an
          asterisk (``*'') if the  file  has  been  modified
          since it was last completely written,

     ssiiddeessccrroollll [[1166]]
          VVii  only.   Sets  the  number  of columns that are
          shifted to the left or right,  when  vvii  is  doing
          left-right  scrolling and the left or right margin
          is crossed.  See the  lleeffttrriigghhtt  option  for  more
          information.

     sslloowwooppeenn,, ssllooww [[ooffff]]
          This  option affects the display algorithm used by
          vvii, holding off display updating during  input  of
          new  text  to improve throughput when the terminal
          in use is slow and unintelligent.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     ssoouurrcceeaannyy [[ooffff]]
          If this option is turned on, vvii historically  read
          startup  files  that  were  owned by someone other
          than the editor user.  See  the  section  entitled
          "SSttaarrttuupp  IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn" for more information.  This
          option is a security problem  of  immense  propor-
          tions,  and  should  not be used under any circum-
          stances.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _w_i_l_l _n_e_v_e_r _b_e _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     ttaabbssttoopp,, ttss [[88]]
          This option sets tab widths for  the  editor  dis-
          play.










UUSSDD::1133--9944                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


     ttaagglleennggtthh,, ttll [[00]]
          This  option sets the maximum number of characters
          that are considered significant  in  a  tag  name.
          Setting the value to 0 makes all of the characters
          in the tag name significant.

     ttaaggss,, ttaagg [[ttaaggss //vvaarr//ddbb//lliibbcc..ttaaggss //ssyyss//kkeerrnn//ttaaggss]]
          Sets the list of  tags  files,  in  search  order,
          which are used when the editor searches for a tag.

     tteerrmm,, ttttyyttyyppee,, ttttyy [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee TTEERRMM]]
          Set the terminal type.  Setting this option causes
          eexx/vvii to set (or reset) the environmental variable
          TERM..

     tteerrssee [[ooffff]]
          This option has historically made editor  messages
          less  verbose.  It has no effect in this implemen-
          tation.  See the vveerrbboossee option for more  informa-
          tion.

     ttiillddeeoopp [[ooffff]]
          Modify the ~~ command to take an associated motion.

     ttiimmeeoouutt,, ttoo [[oonn]]
          If this option is set, eexx/vvii waits for a  specific
          period for a subsequent key to complete a key map-
          ping (see the kkeeyyttiimmee option).  If the  option  is
          not  set,  the  editor waits until enough keys are
          entered to resolve the  ambiguity,  regardless  of
          how long it takes.

     ttttyywweerraassee [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.   This  option  changes how vvii does word
          erase during text input.  If this option  is  set,
          text  is broken up into two classes, blank charac-
          ters and nonblank characters.  Changing  from  one
          class to another marks the end of a word.

     vveerrbboossee [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.   VVii historically bells the terminal for
          many obvious mistakes, e.g. trying  to  move  past
          the left-hand margin, or past the end of the file.
          If this option is set, an error  message  is  dis-
          played for all errors.

     ww330000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
          VVii  only.  Set the window size if the baud rate is
          less than 1200 baud.  See the  wwiinnddooww  option  for
          more information.

     ww11220000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
          VVii  only.  Set the window size if the baud rate is










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--9955


          equal to 1200 baud.  See  the  wwiinnddooww  option  for
          more information.

     ww99660000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
          VVii  only.  Set the window size if the baud rate is
          greater than 1200 baud.  See the wwiinnddooww option for
          more information.

     wwaarrnn [[oonn]]
          EExx  only.  This option causes a warning message to
          the terminal if the file has been modified,  since
          it was last written, before a !!  command.

     wwiinnddooww,, ww,, wwii [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee LLIINNEESS -- 11]]
          This option determines the default number of lines
          in a screenful, as displayed by the zz command.  It
          also  determines  the  number of lines scrolled by
          the vvii commands <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>> and  <<ccoonnttrrooll--FF>>,  and
          the  default  number  of  lines scrolled by the vvii
          commands <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> and <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>>.   The  value
          of  window  can  be  unrelated  to the real screen
          size, although it starts  out  as  the  number  of
          lines  on  the  screen.   See the section entitled
          "SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn" for more information.  Setting
          the  value  of  the  wwiinnddooww  option is the same as
          using the --ww command line option.

          If the value of the wwiinnddooww option (as set  by  the
          wwiinnddooww,  ww330000,  ww11220000 or ww99660000 options) is smaller
          than the actual size of the screen,  large  screen
          movements  will  result  in  displaying  only that
          smaller number of lines on the  screen.   (Further
          movements  in  that  same  area will result in the
          screen being filled.)  This can provide a  perfor-
          mance improvement when viewing different places in
          one or more files over a slow link.

          Resetting the  window  size  does  not  reset  the
          default  number of lines scrolled by the <<ccoonnttrrooll--
          DD>> and <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> commands.

     wwiinnddoowwnnaammee [[ooffff]]
          VVii changes the name of the editor's icon/window to
          the  current  file name when it's possible and not
          destructive, i.e., when the editor can restore  it
          to   its  original  value  on  exit  or  when  the
          icon/window will be discarded as the editor exits.
          If  the  wwiinnddoowwnnaammee  edit  option  is set, vvii will
          change  the  icon/window  name  even   when   it's
          destructive  and  the icon/window name will remain
          after the editor exits.  (This  is  the  case  for
          _x_t_e_r_m(1)).











UUSSDD::1133--9966                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


     wwrraapplleenn,, wwll [[00]]
          This option is identical to the wwrraappmmaarrggiinn option,
          with the exception that it specifies the number of
          columns  from  the  _l_e_f_t  margin  before  the line
          splits, not the right margin.

          If both wwrraapplleenn and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn are set, the  wwrraapp--
          mmaarrggiinn value is used.

     wwrraappmmaarrggiinn,, wwmm [[00]]
          VVii only.  If the value of the wwrraappmmaarrggiinn option is
          non-zero, vvii will split lines so that they end  at
          least that number of columns before the right-hand
          margin of the screen.  (Note, the value  of  wwrraapp--
          mmaarrggiinn  is _n_o_t a text length.  In a screen that is
          80 columns wide, the command  ":set  wrapmargin=8_"
          _a_t_t_e_m_p_t_s  _t_o  _k_e_e_p _t_h_e _l_i_n_e_s _l_e_s_s _t_h_a_n _o_r _e_q_u_a_l _t_o
          _7_2 _c_o_l_u_m_n_s _w_i_d_e_._)

          _L_i_n_e_s _a_r_e _s_p_l_i_t _a_t _t_h_e _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _w_h_i_t_e_s_p_a_c_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_-
          _t_e_r  _c_l_o_s_e_s_t  _t_o _t_h_e _n_u_m_b_e_r_.  _A_n_y _t_r_a_i_l_i_n_g _w_h_i_t_e_s_-
          _p_a_c_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s _b_e_f_o_r_e _t_h_a_t _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _a_r_e _d_e_l_e_t_e_d_.
          _I_f  _t_h_e  _l_i_n_e  _i_s  _s_p_l_i_t  _b_e_c_a_u_s_e  _o_f  _a_n _i_n_s_e_r_t_e_d
          _<_s_p_a_c_e_> or <tab> _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_,  _a_n_d  _y_o_u  _t_h_e_n  _e_n_t_e_r
          _a_n_o_t_h_e_r _<_s_p_a_c_e_> character, it is discarded.

          If wrapmargin is set to 0, or if there is no blank
          character upon which to split the line,  the  line
          is not broken.

          If  both wwrraapplleenn and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn are set, the wwrraapp--
          mmaarrggiinn value is used.

     wwrraappssccaann,, wwss [[oonn]]
          This option causes searches to wrap around the end
          or  the  beginning  of  the  file, and back to the
          starting point.  Otherwise, the end  or  beginning
          of the file terminates the search.

     wwrriitteeaannyy,, wwaa [[ooffff]]
          If  this  option  is  set, file-overwriting checks
          that would usually be made before  the  wwrriittee  and
          xxiitt  commands,  or  before an automatic write (see
          the aauuttoowwrriittee option), are not made.  This  allows
          a write to any file, provided the file permissions
          allow it.

















NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--9977


     1199..  IInnddeexx

     !       23, 44         ?RE?        26         cedit       59
     ""          43         @       28, 45         change      46
     #       23, 44         A           28         chdir       46
     $           24         B           29         columns     60
     %           24         C           29         comment     60
     &       24, 53         D           29         copy        47
     (           25         E           29         count   18, 42
     )           25         F           30         cscope      47
     *           45         G           30         current pathname 14
     +           21         H           30         d           35
     ,           26         I           30         delete      47
     /RE/        26         J           30         directory   60
     0           27         L           31         display     47
     0<control-D>40         M           31         e           35
     :           27         N           26         edcompatible60
     ;           28         O           31         edit        47
     <       28, 45         P           31         errorbells  60
     <carriage-return> 16   Q           31         escapetime  60
     <control-A> 19         R           31         exrc        60
     <control-B> 19         S           32         extended    60
     <cont1r9o,l-4D0>, 43         T           32         exusage     48
     <control-E> 19         U           32         f           35
     <control-F> 20         W           32         fg          48
     <control-G> 20         X           32         file    43, 48
     <control-2H0>, 40         Y           33         filec       60
     <control-J> 20         ZZ          33         flags       43
     <control-L> 20         [[          33         flash       61
     <control-M> 21         -           26         global      48
     <control-N> 20         ]]          33         hardtabs    61
     <control-P> 21         ^           34         help        49
     <control-R> 21         ^<control-D>40         i           35
     <control-2T1>, 40         _           34         iclower     61
     <control-U> 21         `<character>25         ignorecase  61
     <control-2W1>, 41         a           34         insert      49
     <control-X> 41         abbrev      45         j           20
     <control-Y> 22         alternate pathname 14  join        49
     <control-2Z2>, 54         altwerase   58         k       21, 50
     <control-]> 22         append      46         keytime     61
     <control-^> 22         args        46         l           23
     <end-of-file> 42, 43   autoindent  58         leftright   61
     <erase>     40         autoprint   58         line        42
     <escape>22, 40         autowrite   58         lines       61
     <inte1r4r,up3t9>, 41         b           34         lisp        61
     <line erase>41         backup      59         list    49, 61
     <literal-next> 14, 40  beautify    59         lock        61
     <newline>   16         bg          46         m           35
     <nul>       40         bigword     18         magic       61
     <space>     23         buffer      14         map         50
     <word erase>41         c           34         mark        50
     =           45         cd          46         matchtime   62
     >       28, 45         cdpath      59         mesg        62










UUSSDD::1133--9988                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     mkexrc      50         stop        54
     modelines   62         substitute  53
     motion      17         suspend     54
     move        50         t       36, 47
     msgcat      62         tabstop     66
     n           26         tag         54
     next        51         taglength   66
     noprint     62         tagnext     54
     number  44, 62         tagpop      54
     o           36         tagprev     55
     octal       62         tags        66
     open    51, 63         tagtop      55
     optimize    63         term        66
     p           36         terse       66
     paragraph   18         tildeop     66
     paragraphs  63         timeout     66
     path        63         ttywerase   66
     preserve    51         u           37
     previous    51         unabbrev    55
     previous context 17    undo        55
     print   51, 63         unmap       55
     prompt      63         unnamed buffer 15
     put         51         v           48
     quit        52         verbose     66
     r           36         version     55
     range       42         visual      56
     read        52         viusage     56
     readonly    63         w           37
     recdir      64         w1200       66
     recover     52         w300        66
     redraw      64         w9600       66
     remap       64         warn        67
     report      64         whitespace  16
     resize      52         window      67
     rewind      52         windowname  67
     ruler       64         wn          56
     s           36         word        18
     scroll      64         wq          56
     searchincr  64         wraplen     67
     section     18         wrapmargin  67
     sections    65         wrapscan    67
     secure      65         write       56
     sentence    18         writeany    68
     set         53         x           37
     shell   53, 65         xit         57
     shellmeta   65         y           37
     shiftwidth  65         yank        57
     showmatch   65         z       37, 57
     showmode    65         {           38
     sidescroll  65         |           38
     slowopen    65         }           38
     source      53         ~       39, 53
     sourceany   65










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--33


                        TTaabbllee ooff CCoonntteennttss

     Description ......................................    4
     Additional Features in Nex/Nvi ...................    4
     Startup Information ..............................    6
     Recovery .........................................    7
     Sizing the Screen ................................   11
     Character Display ................................   11
     Multiple Screens .................................   12
     Tags, Tag Stacks, and Cscope .....................   13
     Regular Expressions and Replacement Strings ......   15
     Scripting Languages ..............................   17
     General Editor Description .......................   18
     Vi Description ...................................   22
     Vi Commands ......................................   26
     Vi Text Input Commands ...........................   55
     Ex Addressing
               ........................................   57
     Ex Description ...................................   59
     Ex Commands ......................................   61
     Set Options ......................................   81
     Index ............................................   97





































